The Denial of Death (41 page)

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Authors: Ernest Becker

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Chapter Eight

  1. BP, p. 196.
  2. G. K. Chesterton,
    Orthodoxy
    , 1908 (New York: Image Books, 1959), p. 80.
  3. See AA, Chapter 2; PS, Chapter 4; BP, Chapter 4, etc.
  4. BP, p. 168; PS, p. 192; WT, p. 303.
  5. ME, p. 232.
  6. WT, p. 62.
  7. Ibid.
    , p. 304.
  8. ME, p. 232.
  9. WT, p. 302.
  10. BP, p. 234.
  11. Roheim, “
    The Evolution of Culture
    ,” p. 403.
  12. ME, p. 44.
  13. Ibid.
    , pp. 46 ff.
  14. Ibid.
    , p. 43.
  15. BP, p. 234.
  16. See also Rollo May’s contemporary critique on this problem in his
    Love and Will
    .
  17. PS, p. 92.
  18. BP, pp. 196-197.
  19. Cf. WT, p. 62.
  20. Cf. E. Becker,
    The Birth and Death of Meaning
    , second edition, Chapter 12.
  21. WT, p. 287.
  22. WT, p. 131.
  23. BP, p. 197.
  24. WT, p. 304.
  25. PS, p. 92.
  26. To see how “Christian” is Rank’s analysis of sexuality and the other, see Reinhold Niebuhr’s outstanding study,
    The Nature and Destiny of Man
    (New York: Scribner and Sons, 1941), Vol. 1, pp. 233-240.
  27. BP, pp. 186, 190.
  28. Jung,
    The Psychology of the Transference
    , p. 101.
  29. AA, p. 86.
  30. AA, p. 42; WT, p. 278.
  31. Cf. E. Becker,
    The Structure of Evil
    , pp. 190 ff.
  32. WT, p. 147.
  33. BP, p. 272. Jung saw that Freud’s circle itself was a father-religion:
    Modern Man in Search of a Soul
    , 1933 (New York: Harvest Books edition), p. 122.
  34. Ibid.
    , pp. 273-274.
  35. Ibid.
    , p. 194.
  36. Ibid.
    , pp. 188-201.
  37. Cf. Tillich,
    Systematic Theology
    , Vol. 3, pp. 75-77.

Chapter Nine

  1. WT, pp. 251-252.
  2. Ibid.
    , Chapter 12.
  3. Ibid.
    , p. 195.
  4. Ibid.
    , p. 241; JORA, June 1967, p. 17.
  5. WT, pp. 73, 155, 303.
  6. Ibid.
    , p. 149; JORA, Dec. 1970, pp. 49-50.
  7. WT, pp. 148-149.
  8. Freud,
    Introductory Lectures
    III, p. 445; emphasized by Jung,
    Psychology of the Transference
    , p, 8, note 16.
  9. Roy D. Waldman,
    Humanistic Psychiatry
    (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1971), pp. 123-124; see also the excellent paper by Ronald Leifer, “
    Avoidance and Mastery: An Interactional View of Phobias
    .”
    Journal of Individual Psychology
    , May, 1966, pp. 80-93; and compare Becker,
    The Revolution in Psychiatry
    , pp. 115 ff.
  10. WT, p. 149.
  11. BP, p. 50.
  12. WT, pp. 146-147.
  13. JORA, June, 1967, p. 79.
  14. WT, pp. 146-147.
  15. Ibid.
    , p. 151.
  16. Ibid.
    , p. 149.
  17. AA, pp. 376-377.
  18. Ibid.
    , p. 372.
  19. Ibid.
    , p. 27.
  20. WT, p. 93.
  21. Ibid.
    , pp. 95, 173.
  22. Nin, JORA, June, 1967, p. 118.
  23. WT, p. 195.
  24. Ibid.
    , pp. 251-252.
  25. Ibid.
    , p. 173.
  26. Turney-High,
    Primitive War
    , p. 208.
  27. WT, pp. 74, 287.
  28. Ibid.
    , p. 288.
  29. See the crucial historical paper by James M. Baldwin, “
    The History of Psychology
    ,”
    International Congress of Arts and Science
    , vol. 5, St. Louis, 1904, pp. 606-623; and Stephan Strasser’s most important work,
    The Soul in Metaphysical and Empirical Psychology
    (Pittsburgh, Pa.: Duquesne University Press, 1962); and PS, Chapter 1, pp. 84 ff., and Chapter 7.
  30. PS, p. 192.
  31. ME, p. 143.
  32. PS, p. 10; cf. also Becker,
    The Revolution in Psychiatry
    , pp. 120-121.
  33. PS, p. 10.
  34. See BP, Chapters 1 and 8; PS, Chapters 1 and 7; and see Progoff’s excellent summary,
    Death and Rebirth
    , pp. 221-228, 258-259.
  35. ME, p. 143.
  36. Ibid.
    , pp. 143, 232.
  37. JORA, Fall 1966, p. 42; ME, p. 45; and see O. H. Mowrer’s important writings, which were very much resisted by the mainstream of psychologists,
    The Crisis in Psychiatry and Religion
    (New York: Insight Books, 1961), esp. Chapter 8.
  38. WT, pp. 74, 152, 205, 241, 303-304.
  39. Ibid.
    , pp. 92-93.
  40. Ibid.
    ; cf. also Waldman,
    Humanistic Psychiatry
    , p. 59 and his outstanding pp. 117-127, which must now represent the definitive reintroduction of the equation of sin and neurosis in modern psychiatry; and cf. Mowrer,
    The Crisis in Psychiatry
    , Chapters 3 and 4.
  41. WT, pp. 93, 304.
  42. AA, p. 27; Waldman,
    Humanistic Psychiatry
    , p. 120. Waldman draws not on Rank but on Adler, to whom Rank is also clearly indebted. After Adler, Karen Horney wrote extensively and with great insight specifically on the dynamics of self-glorification and self-depreciation in neurosis. Particularly important are her discussions of the need for heroic triumph and perfection and what happens to them in the neurotic. See especially her
    Neurosis and Human Growth
    (New York: Norton, 1950).
  43. BP, p. 193; WT, p. 304; ME, p. 141.
  44. ME, pp. 142-144.
  45. WT, pp. 150, 241; AA, p. 86; WT, p. 94.
  46. Chesterton,
    Orthodoxy
    , pp. 18-29; and cf. ME, p. 47.
  47. BP, p. 49.
  48. Cf. BP, pp. 166, 197; WT, p. 303; and Becker,
    Birth and Death
    , second edition, Chapter 13.
  49. Freud, “
    Observations on Transference-love
    ,” p. 388.
  50. Van der Leeuw,
    Religion in Essence
    , vol. 2, p. 467.
  51. ME, pp. 44-45.
  52. Cf. also G. P. Conger’s important and neglected book,
    The Ideologies of Religion
    (New York: Round Table Press, 1940).
  53. Cf. Jung,
    Psychology of the Transference
    , p. 69.
  54. ME, p. 232.
  55. Becker,
    Structure of Evil
    , pp. 190-210.
  56. AA, p. 429.
  57. Jung,
    Psychology of the Transference
    , pp. 101-102.
  58. Jung,
    Memories
    , p. 288.

Chapter Ten

  1. Boss,
    Meaning and Content of Sexual Perversions
    , pp. 46-47.
  2. Alfred Adler,
    The Practice and Theory of Individual Psychology
    (London: Kegan Paul, 1924), Chapter 21.
  3. Straus’s excellent thought—“
    The Miser
    ,” in
    Patterns of the Life-World
    , ed. by J. M. Edie (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1970), Chapter 9.
  4. M. Boss,
    Psychoanalysis and Daseinanalysis
    (New York: Basic Books, 1963), pp. 209-210.
  5. BP, p. 169.
  6. W. Gaylin, ed.,
    The Meaning of Despair
    (New York: Science House, 1968), p. 391.
  7. Rank, WT, pp. 126, 127, 131.
  8. Cf. Becker,
    The Revolution in Psychiatry
    .
  9. Adler,
    Individual Psychology
    , p. 252.
  10. Boss,
    Sexual Perversions
    , p. 46.
  11. W. Bromberg and P. Schilder, “
    The Attitude of Psychoneurotics Towards Death
    ,” p. 20.
  12. Harrington,
    The Immortalist
    , p. 93.
  13. James,
    Varieties
    , p. 138.
  14. Adler,
    Individual Psychology
    , pp. 256-260.
  15. Within psychoanalysis no one understood this functional dualism better than Wilhelm Reich; see the brilliant theory in his early book
    Character Analysis
    , 1933 (New York: Noonday Press, third edition, 1949), pp. 431-462.
  16. Cf. Becker,
    The Revolution in Psychiatry
    .
  17. Chesterton,
    Orthodoxy
    , esp. Chapter 2.
  18. Reich,
    Character Analysis
    , pp. 432, 450.
  19. Adler,
    Individual Psychology
    , p. 257.
  20. Boss,
    Sexual Perversions
    .
  21. Chapter 9, in J. M. Edie, ed., Patterns of the Life-World.
  22. Freud, “
    Fetishism
    ,” 1927, Collected Papers, vol. 5, p. 199.
  23. Ibid.
    , pp. 200, 201.
  24. Bak, “
    The Phallic Woman: The Ubiquitous Fantasy in Perversions
    ,”
    Psychoanalytic Study of the Child
    , 1968, 23:16.
  25. M. E. Romm, “
    Some Dynamics in Fetishism
    ,”
    Psychoanalytic Quarterly
    , 1949, 19:146-147, my emphasis.
  26. Ibid.
  27. Jung,
    Transference
    , Ch. 10.
  28. Boss,
    Sexual Perversions
    , pp. 24, 32, 33, 37, 119, 136.
  29. LAD, pp. 132-134.
  30. Nancy T. Spiegel, “
    An Infantile Fetish and its Persistence into Young Womanhood
    ,”
    Psychoanalytic Study of the Child
    , 1967, 22:408.
  31. Cf. Greenacre, “
    Perversions: General Considerations Regarding Their Genetic and Dynamic Background
    ,”
    Psychoanalytic Study of the Child
    , 1968, 23:57.
  32. Romm, “
    Some Dynamics
    ,” p. 148-149.
  33. S. M. Payne, “
    Observations on the Ego Development of the Fetishist
    ,”
    International Journal of Psychoanalysis
    , 1938, 20:169.
  34. See his “On Obsession.”
  35. P. Greenacre, “
    Certain Relationships Between Fetishism and Faulty Development of the Body Image
    ,”
    Psychoanalytic Study of the Child
    , 1953, 8:84.
  36. Greenacre, “
    Certain Relationships
    ,” p. 93; see also her “
    Perversions
    ,” pp. 47-62.
  37. Cf. Bak, “
    Phallic Woman
    ,” p. 20: Greenacre, “
    Certain Relationships
    ,” p. 80; “
    Perversions
    ”; “
    Further Considerations Regarding Fetishism
    ,”
    Psychoanalytic Study of the Child
    , 1955, 10:192.
  38. Otto Fenichel, “
    The Psychology of Transvestism
    ,”
    International Journal of Psychoanalysis
    , 1930, 11:220.
  39. A. S. Lorand, “
    Fetishism in Statu Nascendi
    ,”
    International Journal of Psychoanalysis
    , 11:422.
  40. Freud, “
    Fetishism
    ,” p. 201.
  41. S. Nagler, “
    Fetishism: A Review and a Case Study
    ,”
    Psychiatric Quarterly
    , 1957, 31:725.
  42. Cf. Becker,
    Angel in Armor
    .
  43. ME, p. 52.
  44. Ibid.
    , pp. 199-200.
  45. AA, pp. 54-55.
  46. PS, p. 43.
  47. Ibid.
  48. F. H. Allen, “
    Homosexuality in Relation to the Problem of Human Difference
    ,”
    American Journal of Orthopsychiatry
    , 1940, 10:129-35.
  49. M. Balint, “
    A Contribution on Fetishism
    ,”
    International Journal of Psychoanalysis
    , 1935, 16:481.
  50. Freud, “
    Fetishism
    ,” p. 199.
  51. Boss,
    Sexual Perversions
    , pp. 50 ff.
  52. Ibid.
    , p. 52.
  53. Ibid.
    , pp. 41-42.
  54. Ibid.
    , p. 74.
  55. Ibid.
    , p. 51.
  56. Greenacre, “
    Further Notes on Fetishism
    ,”
    Psychoanalytic Study of the Child
    , 1960, 15:391-207.
  57. Greenacre, “
    The Fetish and the Transitional Object
    ,”
    Psychoanalytic Study of the Child
    , 1969, 24:161-162.
  58. Freud, “
    Fetishism
    ,” p. 201.
  59. Cf. Greenacre, “
    The Fetish and Transitional Object
    ,” p. 150.
  60. Greenacre, “
    Further Notes
    ,” p. 200.
  61. Ibid.
    , p. 202.
  62. Cf. James Glover, “
    Notes on an Unusual Form of Perversion
    ,”
    International Journal of Psychoanalysis
    , 1927, 8:10-24.
  63. Fenichel, “
    Transvestism
    ,” p. 219.
  64. Cf. Bak, “
    Phallic Woman
    ,” p. 16; Fenichel, “
    Transvestism
    ,” p. 214.
  65. Fenichel, “
    Transvestism
    ,” p. 219.
  66. Bak, “
    Phallic Woman
    ,” p. 25.
  67. Fenichel, “
    Transvestism
    ,” p. 219.
  68. Greenacre, “
    Certain Relationships
    ,” p. 81.
  69. H. T. Buckner, “
    The Transvestite Career Path
    ,”
    Psychiatry
    , 1970, 33:381-389.
  70. Freud, “
    Fetishism
    ,” p. 204.
  71. Greenacre, “
    Further Notes
    ,” p. 204.
  72. Ibid.
    , p. 206.
  73. Romm, “
    Some Dynamics
    ,” p. 147.
  74. Ibid.
    , p. 140.
  75. Cf. Becker,
    Angel in Armor
    , Chapter 1.
  76. Greenacre, “
    Certain Relationships
    ,” p. 67.
  77. Rank, JORA, Dec. 1970, p. 49.
  78. Cf. Becker,
    Angel in Armor
    .
  79. Bieber, “
    The Meaning of Masochism
    ,”
    American Journal of Psychotherapy
    , 1953, 7:438.
  80. Zilboorg, “
    Fear of Death
    ,” pp. 473-474.
  81. WT, pp. 129-131.
  82. Hart, “
    The Meaning of Passivity
    ,”
    Psychiatric Quarterly;
    1955, 29: 605.
  83. Romm, “
    Some Dynamics
    ,” p. 145.
  84. BP, pp. 185-190; cf. also his letter to Jessie Taft, Nov. 9, 1937, p. 240 of Taft,
    Otto Rank
    .
  85. BP, p. 189.
  86. Cf. Ansbacher,
    Alfred Adler
    , pp. 271-273.
  87. Cf. D. A. Schwartz, “
    The Paranoid-Depressive Existential Continuum
    ,”
    Psychiatric Quarterly
    , 1964, 38:690-706.
  88. Cf. Adler in Ansbacher, p. 427.
  89. Fromm,
    Escape From Freedom
    (New York: Avon Books, 1941), pp. 173 ff.
  90. Bieber, “
    The Meaning of Masochism
    ,” p. 441.
  91. Cf. Fromm,
    The Heart of Man
    , Chapter 3.
  92. A. A. Brill, “
    Necrophilia
    ,”
    Journal of Criminal Psychopathology
    , 1941, 2:440-441.
  93. Boss,
    Sexual Perversions
    , pp. 55-61.
  94. Straus, “
    The Miser
    ,” pp. 178-179.
  95. Cf. Jung,
    Transference
    , p. 69; Fromm,
    Beyond the Chains of Illusion
    (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1962), pp. 56 ff.
  96. Letter to Jessie Taft, Sept. 26, 1937,
    Otto Rank
    , p. 236.

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