The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire (56 page)

33
. T.E. Lawrence,
The Seven Pillars of Wisdom
, p. 48; Jeremy Wilson, op. cit., p. 201.

34
. Foreign Office telegram (containing Kitchener’s message) to M. Cheetham (Cairo), 31 October 1914, FO 371/2139/303. See Fromkin, op.
cit., pp. 96–100; and the contrasting arguments of Kedourie,
In the Anglo-Arab Labyrinth
, pp. 17–20, and of J. Wilson, op. cit., p. 165 and p. 1003.

35
. Ibid., pp. 214–6 and 1014–16. There is a judicious assessment of this much-disputed question by Professor Marian Kent in
Hinsley, pp. 444–7. The correspondence was published as a British Government bluebook (Cmd. 5957) in 1939. See also L. Friedman, ‘The Hussein-McMahon Correspondence and the Question of
Palestine’,
Journal of Contemporary History
, vol. 5, no. 2 (1970), and the subsequent exchanges between A.J. Toynbee and Friedman in issue no. 4 of the same year.

36
. Hinsley, p. 446.

37
.
DBF
Series 1, vol. 4, pp. 241–51; Kedourie, pp. 4–5, 65–6, 107–13; Bruce Felton’s contribution to
Kent, pp. 163–4; Marian Kent’s contribution to Hinsley, pp. 447–51; Yapp, op. cit., pp. 277–8.

38
. J. Wilson, op. cit., p. 288; Fromkin, op. cit., p. 207 and pp. 218–28.

39
. J. Wilson, op. cit., p. 300.

40
. Ibid., pp. 412–13 and 1069–70.

41
. Kinross,
Atatürk
, pp. 104, 108, 112; Trumpener, pp. 311–33.

42
. Papen,
Memoirs
, p. 72. Interest in Papen’s later career has inclined historians to ignore his shrewd judgements on the Asia
Corps commanders and their relations with the Turks, pp. 69–82.

43
.
Fromkin, op. cit., pp. 311–13 is the most recent account.

44
. Kedourie, p. 107.

45
. On the Balfour Declaration, see the specialist study by L.J. Stein, and Fromkin, op. cit., pp. 274–300. For the German Jews,
Germany and the Declaration see Friedman,
Germany, Turkey and Zionism
, pp. 339–41.

46
. Anderson, p. 348.

47
. J. Wilson, op. cit., pp. 469–70, 558, 1087.

48
. Lawrence,
Seven Pillars
, p. 556.

49
. Trumpener, pp. 167–90.

50
. The clearest account is in C. Falls,
Armageddon
; see also Fromkin, op. cit., pp. 332–42. For the Balkan Front: Palmer,
The Gardeners of Salonika
, pp. 229–31.

51
. Kinross,
Atatürk
, p. 126; Shaws, pp. 332–3; Anderson, pp. 348–9.

52
. There has been a long-running historical dispute over the capture of Damascus. Effectively the argument began forty years ago with Elie
Kedourie’s research, challenging the accepted view of the role of Feisal’s Arab army (cf. Kedourie, pp. 2 and 119–21). Many of Kedourie’s contentions were refuted by Jeremy
Wilson in his definitive biography of Lawrence, pp. 559–62, and the accompanying notes, pp. 1103–8. See also later contributions to the debate in Fromkin’s narrative, op. cit.,
pp. 334–47.

53
. Longrigg, op. cit., p. 44; Barker, op. cit., p. 222.

54
. See the two-part article by Gwynne Dyer, ‘The Turkish Armistice of 1918’ in
Middle East Studies
, vol. 8, for May and
October 1972. English text of armistice, E.G. Mears,
Modern Turkey
, pp. 624–6. See also Kinross,
Atatürk
, pp. 127–34.

55
. Ibid., p. 136.

Chapter 16: Sovereignty and Sultanate

1
. Ryan,
Last of the Dragomans
, pp. 122–6; Lewis, pp. 234–5; Davison,
Essays
, p. 208; Edib,
Turkish Ordeal
,
pp. 7–20.

2
. Calthorpe to Curzon, 6 June 1919, FO 406/41/58; Shaws, p. 329.

3
. See the biographical entry on Mehmed VI in
EI
ii.

4
. Shaws, p. 333.

5
. Quoted in
EI
ii entry cited above.

6
. Kinross,
Atatürk
, p. 137.

7
. Fromkin,
Peace to End All Peace
, provides the most recent and detailed commentary on these events, which may also be followed in DBF,
series 1, vol. 4. For the American side, H.N. Howard,
Turkey, the Straits and U.S. Policy
, pp. 51–109.

8
.
M. Llewellyn-Smith,
Ionian Vision
, gives the best modern account of Greek activities, with Toynbee’s
Western Question in Greece and Turkey
providing a contemporary attempt to place these events in a historical setting.

9
. Ryan, op. cit., pp. 129–31.

10
. Kinross, op. cit., p. 158. Kemal described his activities in considerable detail in his thirty-six-hour
Speech
to the Grand
National Assembly of October 1927. The 724-page English-language version covers these events on pp. 24–57.

11
. National Pact: Mears,
Modern Turkey
, pp. 629–31; summarized by Kinross, pp. 531–2; Davison,
Essays
, pp.
211–12.

12
. Chapter 23 of Kinross, op. cit.; Ryan, op. cit., p. 141.

13
. Ibid., pp. 142–7; Gilbert,
Churchill
, vol. 4, chapter 27, notably pp. 476 and 487.

14
. See the letters from Robeck to Curzon in
DBF
, vol. 13, especially nos 17 and 32.

15
. Lawrence’s letter of February 1915 is cited by Kedourie, p. 98.

16
. See the record of Allied conferences in
DBF
, vol. 7, nos 36–8, no. 50 and no. 55.

17
. Memorandum by Earl Curzon on the future of Constantinople,
DBF
, vol. 4, no. 646; Nicolson,
Curzon
, pp. 212–15.

18
. Curzon Memorandum (as above).

19
. Martin Gilbert,
Sir Horace Rumbold
, pp. 219–24; Shaws, p. 349; Lewis, p, 246.

20
. Kinross, op. cit., p. 222.

21
. Robeck to Curzon, 9 March 1920,
DBF
, vol. 13, no. 17, p. 18.

22
. Davison,
Essays,
p. 215; Anderson, pp. 367–8; Gilbert,
Churchill
, vol. 4, pp. 485–8.

23
. Anderson, p. 368; Kinross, op. cit., p. 233.

24
. Nicolson,
Curzon
, pp. 160–74 may be supplemented by relevant documents in
DBF
, vol. 12.

25
. Kinross, op. cit., chapter 32.

26
. Gilbert,
Churchill
, vol. 4., pp. 600–01.

27
. Rumbold to Curzon, 20 January 1921; Gilbert,
Rumbold
, pp. 228–30.

28
. Rumbold to King George V, 13 December 1930, ibid., p. 224.

29
. C. Harington,
Tim Harington Looks Back
, p. 90.

30
. A. Hayder,
A Prince of Arabia
, p. 242.

31
. Gilbert,
Rumbold
, p. 238.

32
. Ward Price,
Extra Special Correspondent
, p. 129 and Kinross, op. cit., chapter 40.

33
. D. Walder,
The Chanak Affair
, pp. 303–18; Gilbert,
Churchill
, vol. 4, chapter 45; Harington, op. cit., pp.
100–28.

34
.
On Mudanya: Harington, pp. 117–28; Davison,
Essays
, p. 224.

35
. Kinross, op. cit., p. 344.

36
. Ibid., p. 348; Shaws, p. 365.

37
. Kemal,
Speech
, pp. 377–9.

38
. A photograph of the document is among the illustrations in Harington’s book.

39
. Much of Harington’s vivid account (pp. 129–31) is reproduced in Kinross, op. cit., pp. 349–51. Turkish newspaper
reminiscences were used by Alderson, p. 72. See also Hayder, op. cit., pp. 249–50 and Walder, op. cit., pp. 333–5.

Epilogue: Ottomans Moribund

1
. Alderson, p. 73.

2
. G. Young,
Constantinople
, pp. 111–12; reprinted in L. Kelly’s
Istanbul
, pp. 253–4.

3
. Lewis, pp. 256–8; Kemal,
Speech
, p. 668–9.

4
. Davison,
Essays,
pp. 225–31; and compare the classic account of the Conference in Nicolson,
Curzon
, chapters 10 and 11.
See also Gilbert,
Rumbold
, pp. 280–9, and Ryan,
Last of the Dragomans
, pp. 174–98.

5
. Lewis, p. 350; Yapp,
Near East since the First World War
, pp. 78–9, 147, 156–7.

6
. Kinross,
Atatürk
, p. 357.

7
. C. Harington,
Tim Harington Looks Back
, p. 134; Walder,
Chanak
, pp. 349–52.

8
. Kemal,
Speech
, pp. 657–9; Lewis, pp. 254–6; Shaws, p. 368.

9
. Kemal,
Speech
, p. 683.

10
. Lewis, p. 258; A. Hayder,
A Prince of Arabia
, pp. 268–70.

11
. Ryan, op. cit., p. 213.

12
. Enver’s fate, Fromkin,
Peace to End All Peace,
pp. 485–90; Cavit and Nazim’s fate, Kinross,
Atatürk,
pp. 428–33. For later careers of CUP members, Ahmad, pp. 166–81.

13
. Yapp, op. cit., pp. 3–4, 37–8, 227–9.

14
. Lewis, p. 437; and see above, chapter 3, p. 32.

15
. A. Hayder, op. cit., p. 250 (‘weak-kneed’), p. 266 (‘disintegration’).

16
. Pilgrimage, Alderson p. 126; death and burial, ibid., pp. 109 and 111.

17
. Alderson, p. 109 and p. 111.

S
ELECT
B
IBLIOGRAPHY

All books were published in London unless otherwise stated.

MANUSCRIPT SOURCES

Selected files from
:

Aberdeen Papers, British Library

Ardagh Papers, Public Record Office

Foreign Office Papers (including Stratford Canning Papers), Public Record Office

Layard Papers, British Library

Palmerston Letterbooks, British Library

Seymour Papers (Sir Hamilton Seymour), British Library

Smythe Papers (Lord Strangford; Francois Chabert; Bartolomeo Pisani), British Library

Strathnairn Papers (Sir Hugh Rose), British Library

PUBLISHED COLLECTIONS OF OFFCIAL DOCUMENTS

Documents Diplomatiques Françaises 1871–1914
(Paris, 1929–55)

Gooch, G.P. and Temperley, H.W.V. (eds),
British Documents on the Origins of the War, 1898–1914
(1926–38)

Hurewitz, J.C.,
Diplomacy in the Near and Middle East, 2
vols (Princeton, 1956)

Hurst M. (ed.),
Key Treaties for the Great Powers 1814–1914
,
2
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Lepsius, J., Mendelsohn Bartholdy A., Thimme F. (eds),
Die Grosse Politik der europäischen Kabinette
(Berlin, 1922–7)

Woodward, E.L., Butler, Rohan and others (eds),
Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919–1939
Series 1 (1947–72)

Young, George (ed.),
Corps de droit civil Ottoman
(Oxford, 1907–8)

GENERAL BOOKS

Abbot, G.F., Turkey
in Transition
(1909)

——
The Holy War in Tripoli
(1912)

Acton, Lord,
Lectures on Modern History
(1906)

Ahmad, F.,
The Young Turks
(Oxford, 1957)

Albertini, L.,
The Origins of the War of 1914
, vol. 1 (Oxford, 1951)

Alderson, A.D.,
The Structure of the Ottoman Dynasty
(Oxford, 1956)

Anderson, M.S.,
The Eastern Question
(1966)

Andrew, Prince, of Greece,
Towards Disaster
(1930)

Antonius, G.,
The Arab Awakening
(Beirut, n.d.)

Arpee, L.,
The Armenian Awakening, History of the Armenian Church 1820–60
(Chicago, 1909)

Aspinall-Oglander, C.F.,
Military Operations, Gallipoli
, 2 vols (1929–32)

Atamian, S.,
The Armenian Community
(New York, 1955)

Atatürk, M. K.,
A Speech Delivered by Ghazi Mustapha Kemal, President of the Turkish Republic, October 1927
(Leipzig, 1929)

Barber, N.,
The Lords of the Golden Horn
(1973)

Barker A.J.,
The Neglected War; Mesopotamia 1914–1918
(1967)

——
The Vainglorious War, 1854–56
(1970)

Barker, Thomas N.,
Double Eagle and Crescent
(New York, 1957)

Benedikt, N.,
Der Pascha-Graf Alexander von Bonneval
(Cologne and Graz, 1959)

Bennett, E.N.,
With the Turks in Tripoli
(1912)

Berkes, N.,
The Development of Secularization in Turkey
(Montreal, 1964)

Bernard, J.F.,
Talleyrand
(1973)

Blaisdell, D.C.,
European Financial Control in the Ottoman Empire
(New York, 1929)

Boutelle, L.M. and Thayer, G.W.,
A Digest of the Krasnyi Arkhiv volumes 1–40
(Cleveland, 1947)

Bülow, Prince B. von,
Memoirs, 1897–1903
(1932)