The Days of the French Revolution (39 page)

‘active’ citizens, 147, 153

Adélaïde, Daughter of France, 119

Aiguillon, Armand, Duc d’, 42, 94

Alembert, Jean le Rond d’, 29, 205

Aligre, Étienne d’, 38, 305

Amar, J. A. B., 229, 242, 305

Ancients, Council of, 282, 297, 298, 299, 302

army, its state in 1792, 145; conscription, 216; purges demanded, 168, 215; mood of, 295

Artois, Charles, Comte d’,
later
King Charles X (1757–1836), 162; personality, 25, 305; and Third Estate, 60; at
séance royale
, 61, 62; flees abroad, 89; his colour, 90; counter-revolutionary, 117; advocates war, 143; later life, 305

Assembly of Notables, 38, 39, 44

Auch, Martin d’, 60

Augeard, 95, 305

Augereau, Pierre-François, 297, 305

Austria, Declaration of Pillnitz, 143; France at war with, 145, 202; battle of Jemappes, 193; battle of Fleurus, 257; defeated, and Treaty of Campo-Formio, 296

Ayen, Duchesse d’, 247

Azéma, Michel, 159

Babeuf, François-Noel,
called
Gracchus Babeuf (1760–97), 293–4

Bailly, Jean-Sylvain (1736–93), and Estates General debates, 53, 58; and National Assembly, 60; seeks admission to
séance royale
, 60; supports Mirabeau, 62; on enthusiasm in Paris, 87, 89; Mayor of Paris, 88; on popularity of Louis XVI, 91; on state of anarchy, 92; confronts mob at Tuileries, 118; and flight of royal family, 124;
monarchien
, 133; and Champ de Mars massacre, 135; ultimate fate, 135, 142; execution, 224–5

bals des victimes
, 274

Barbaroux, Charles, 141–2, 200, 306

Barentin, Charles de, 40, 51, 52, 61, 306

Barère, Bertrand (1755–1841), 90, 271, 272, 274, 306

Barnave, Antoine (1761–93), demands recall of Necker, 88; apologist for murder, 93; and return of royal family to Paris, 128, 129; and Queen, 133; execution, 142, 225

Barras, Paul-François, Vicomte de (1755–1829), Terror at Toulon, 227; on fear of Robespierre, 254; and Robespierre, 258, 266; takes military command, 265; becomes reactionary, 271; and insurrection of Lepeletier
sectionnaires
, 284; and Bonaparte, 285; and
journées
of
Vendémiaire
, 286, 287; unrespected Director, 291; and ‘Conspiracy of Equals’, 294; and
coup d’état
of 18
Fructidor
, 295; and Josephine de Beauharnais, 295; and Ducos, 299; and
coup d’état
of
Brumaire
, 302; resigns from Directory, 302; later life, 306

Barthélemy, François, 297, 306

Bas, Laurent, 213, 214

Bastille, conditions in, 71; prisoners, 72; governor of, 72–3; preparations against attack, 73; guns withdrawn, 74; storming of, 75–80;
vainqueurs
, 82–3; sightseers and souvenirs, 83; Brissot in, 137

Bayon, Captain, 125, 126–7

Belgium, 193, 257

Bernadotte, Jean-Baptiste, 299, 302, 306

Besenval, Baron de, 69, 70, 306

Billaud-Varenne, Jean-Nicolas (1756–1819), encourages
septembriseurs
, 176; on Committee of Public Safety, 217; attacks Dantonists, 235; deserts Hébertists, 235; and Danton, 236, 241; and Fabre d’Églantine, 243; and Robespierre, 254, 257, 260–61; expelled from Jacobin Club, 262; attacks Jacobins, 262; urges attack, 265; loses office, 271; brought to trial, 272; transportation, 274; later life and death, 306

Biron, Armand-Louis, Duc de, 145, 215

Blaikie, Thomas, 105

Boissy d’Anglas, François-Antoine, 276, 282, 306–7

Bon, Joseph le, 228

Bonaparte, Josephine,
later
Empress Josephine (1763–1814), 295, 301, 312

Bonaparte, Lucien (1775–1840), 300, 302, 304, 307

Bonaparte, Napoleon,
later
Emperor Napoleon I (1769–1821), Concordat with Papacy, 112; career and opinions, 285; appearance, 285; and
journées
of
Vendémiaire
, 286, 287; and Josephine, 295, 301; Commander-in-Chief in Italy, 295; Italian campaign, 296; loot, 296; his independence, 296–7; and Augerau, 297; and Egyptian campaign, 298; hero’s welcome in Paris, 300; character, 301; and
coup d’état
of
Brumaire
, 301, 302, 303–4; disastrous address to Five Hundred, 303; First Consul and Emperor, 304

Bordeaux, 34, 194, 228–9, 277

Bouillé, François-Claude, Marquis de, 121, 122, 127

Bourdon, Léonard, 265, 307

Bourienne, Fauvelet de, 303, 307

bread riots, 63, 91, 92, 96–7, 274; march of market women, 97–100, 101, 104–5; the ‘baker’, 105; 1789 harvest, 109; 1793 shortage, 216; rationed, 273; march of 12
Germinal
, 274; ration reduced, 283, 292

Breteuil, Louis-Charles, Baron de, 64, 87, 88, 307

Brienne, Loménie de, Archbishop of Toulouse, 38, 39–40, 307

Brissot, Jacques Pierre (1754–93), 141; history, 136–7; advocates war, 138; pleads for King’s life, 184; and Robespierre, 210; condemned to death, 222; sent to l’Abbaye, 223

Brittany, Young on conditions in, 30; riots, 40, 194; members of Third Estate, 50; tactics by delegates from, 93; Bretons and Angevins, 112;
émigré
forces land in, 281

Broglie, Victor-François, Duc de, 89, 308

Brunswick Manifesto, 153

Buzot, François, 136, 224, 308

calendar, new, 231

Calonne, Charles-Alexandre de (1734–1802), 37–9, 308

Cambon, Pierre Joseph, 260, 308

Campan, Madame, 149, 155

Campo-Formio, Treaty of, 296, 298

Camus, Armand Gaston, 112

Carichon, Abbé, 247–8

Carlyle, Thomas (1795–1881), 223

Carnot, Lazare (1753–1823), on Committee of Public Safety, 215, 216; organizer of Revolution’s victory, 215–16; and Danton’s arrest, 238; and Robespierre, 254, 257, 260; and Saint-Just, 261; and Lescot-Fleuriot, 264; loses office, 271; spared, 279; Director, 291; and ‘Conspiracy of Equals’, 294; and royalist campaign, 295; flees abroad, 297; later life, 308

Carrier, Jean Baptiste, 228, 272

Cazalès, Jacques de, 49, 308

Chabot, François, 158, 308

Champ de Mars, troops encamped on, 70; massacre of, 134–5; 14 July celebrations of 1792, 151–2; mob demands King’s abdication, 154; Bailly’s humiliation at, 224–5; Festival of Supreme Being, 253

Charles X, King,
see
Artois, Comte de

Chartres, Duc de,
later
King Louis Philippe (1773–1850), 178, 194, 308

Chaumette, Pierre-Gaspard (1763–94), 230, 231, 244

Choiseul, Étienne-François, Duc de (1719–85), 122–3, 128, 308–9

Chouans
, 281, 283, 285

Church, the, riches and power of, 30–31; abolition of tithes, 95; estates nationalized, 109–10, 137; Civil constitution of the Clergy, 111; divided over schism with Rome, 111–12; anti-clericalism in Paris, 117–18, 230; de-Christianization campaign, 230–33; reaction against de-Christianization, 233; Robespierre attacks atheism, 251; Louis XVIII’s promise to, 281

clergy, landowners, 30; and taxation, 40; and Estates General, 40, 45; and Third Estate, 53–5, 59; and National Assembly, 62; Civil Constitution of the Clergy, 111–12, 115; and Legislative Assembly, 136, 145; non-juring priests, 138; campaigns against refractory priests, 146, 151, 168; September Massacres, 170; in National Convention, 180; deportation of priests, 194; celibacy denounced, 230; attitude to new calendar, 231; and de-Christianization programme, 233; percentage of victims of guillo
tine, 248; transportation of priests, 297–8; oath of hatred, 298

Clermont-Tonerre, Duc de, 49, 109, 309

Cléry, Jean-Baptiste, 182–3, 186, 189, 309

Club du Manège, 300

Coffinhal, Pierre, 266, 309

Collot d’Herbois, Jean-Marie (1749–96), on Committee of Public Safety, 217; Terror at Lyons, 227; attacks Dantonists, 235; deserts Hébertists, 235; and Danton, 241; and Robespierre, 254, 260; expelled from Jacobin Club, 261; and Saint-Just, 261–2; and Lescot-Fleuriot, 264; loses office, 271; brought to trial, 272; transported, 274; death of, 309

comités de surveillance
, 194

Commission of Twelve, 198, 199

Committee of Clemency, 235

Committee of General Security, and trial of Danton, 237, 242; and Robespierre, 257, 258, 259, 260; National Guard refused entry to, 263–4

Committee of Public Safety, authority of, 195; seizes Roland’s papers, 195; and Girondins, 199; attempts to subdue uprisings, 202; and Danton, 203, 214, 237; and Robespierre, 203, 211, 254, 257, 258, 259, 260, 266; meets demands of
Enragés
, 214; takes increasingly zealous measures, 215; decrees
levée en masse
, 215; and Terror, 225; recalls agents to Paris, 233; and Hébertists, 235–6; and
Indulgents
, 236; Saint-Just and Danton’s trial, 242; law of 22
Priarial
, 245; and centralization of revolutionary justice, 246; spies, 255; proposed distribution of confiscated estates, 256; Robespierrists in, 267; reduced powers of, 271

Committee of Thirty, 42

Commune of Paris, formation of, 91; and National Guardsmen, 153; disbanded, 154; and September Massacres, 176, 178; Girondins attempt to overthrow, 198; and Robespierrists, 237, 263, 264; purge, 271; rioters demand re-establishment of, 276

Compagnie du Soleil
, 272

Conciergerie, 173, 221, 223, 267

Condé, Prince de, 281

Condorcet, Marie-Jean de Caritat, Marquis de (1743–94), 42, 143, 309

Constituent Assembly, 133, 136

Constitution, promulgated, 136; grants King right of veto, 138; Queen’s opinion of, 143;
sans-culottes
demand resurrection of, 274, 276; new Constitution, 282, 283; oath of hatred of 1793 Constitution, 298; and Consuls of French Republic, 304

Corday, Charlotte (1768–93), 212–14, 309–10

Cordeliers Club, encourage violence, 133; and Champ de Mars massacre, 134; and Hébert, 140; Legendre, 147; Danton, 167, 168; Roux, 212; Chaumette, 230

Couthon, Georges (1755–94), on Terror, 246; and Robespierre, 254, 257; compromises, 259; arrested, 263; falls downstairs, 266; execution, 267, 268

Custine, Armand-Louis, Marquis de 193, 194, 202, 215

Danton, Georges Jacques (1759–94), Minister of Justice, 162, 168; background and appearance, 165; personality, 165, 179; lawyer, 165–6, 206; orator, 166–7, 196; revolutionary, 167–8; call to arms, 169; and September Massacres, 178; Rolands vilify, 181; attitude to King, 181; territorial expansion, 193; defies European courts, 193; defends Revolutionary Tribunal, 195; and Girondins, 195–6, 199; joins Montagnards, 196; discredited, 203; proposal for Convention, 214–15; extravagant demands, 217; enjoys private life, 233–4; condemns de-Christianization programme, 234–5; advocates toleration and moderation, 235; and Robespierre, 235, 236–7, 244, 251; believes himself invulnerable, 236; on Virtue, 237; arrested, 238–9; remorse, 238; trial, 239, 241–3; and his condemned friends, 243–4; execution, 244; ‘natural frontiers’, 296

Dantonists, 215, 234, 235, 243–4

David, Jacques-Louis (1774–1825), ‘Marat Assassinated’, 214, 272; portrait of Lepeletier, 216–17, 272; and Danton, 244; and Festival of Supreme Being, 252; and Robespierre, 261; imprisoned, 279–80; portrait of Napoleon, 310; later life, 310

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, 95, 100, 148, 267

Deflue, Louis, 72–3, 76, 80, 81, 82

Derobespierre family,
see
Robespierre

Desbouillons, Pierre-François, 159

Desmoulins, Camille (1760–94), 141, 156; history, 65; calls mob to arms, 65–6; wants King brought to Paris, 96; in hiding, 135; and Girondins, 195, 236; his reference to Robespierre, 236; trial, 239; helps Fouquier-Tinville, 240; execution, 243

Desmoulins, Lucille, 156, 242, 243, 244–5

Desnot,
an out-of-work cook
, 81–2

Destez, Jacques, 126

Dillon, Théobald, 145

Directory, executive power of, 282; uniform, 282, 291; Directors, 291; statement of intent, 291; and Jacobins, 293, 294, 298; and ‘Conspiracy of Equals’, 294; and royalist campaign, 294–5; and Bonaparte, 295, 296–7; military plans, 296; and
coup d’état
of 18
Fructidor
, 297–8; beneficial reforms by, 298; and Egyptian expedition, 298;
levée en masse
, 298; Councils attack, 299; and Lucien Bonaparte, 300

Doué, Foullon de, 92

Dreux Brézé, Henri-Éverard, Marquis de (1762–1829), 62

Drouet, Jean-Baptiste, 125, 310

Du Barry, Comtesse, 25, 225

Ducos, Roger, 299, 302, 304, 310

Dumas, René, 261, 267

Dumont, André, 275, 276, 310

Dumont, Étienne, 98

Dumouriez, Charles François (1739–1823), Minister for Foreign Affairs, 144; and Lafayette, 145; enters Belgium, 193; deserts to Austrians, 194; and Girondins, 195, 196; and Danton, 195, 196; later life, 310

Duplay, Eleonore, 210

Duplay, Maurice, 209, 267

Dupont de Nemours, Pierre-Samuel, 295, 310

Duport, Adrien, 42, 142, 179, 310

economy, the (
see also
taxation), farming, 29; poverty, 29–30, 292–3; wages and prices, 34–5; and Necker, 36–7; increasing prospect of bankruptcy, 40;
cahiers de doléances
, 45; financial chaos follows dismissal of Necker, 64; customs barriers destroyed, 65; unemployment following bad harvest, 91; inflation, 147, 212, 273; and
Enragés
, 211, 214; paper currency, 291–2

Edgeworth, Henry, 186, 187, 189, 310–11

Egalité, Philippe,
see
Orléans, Duc d’

Élie, Jacob, 79, 81

Elisabeth, Madame (d. 1794), to Paris with royal family, 104; advises counter-revolutionary measures, 117; flight to Varennes, 120; destroys papers, 128; return journey to Paris, 128–9; Hébert attacks, 140; advocates war, 143; and the King, 149; in prison, 183; executed, 311

émigrés
, summoned to return, 138; orders for execution of, 194; amnesty offered to, 280; and royalists, 281, 283, 294; ordered to leave France, 297

England, emigration to, 109; war with France, 193, 298; and royalist restoration, 281, 294; Bonaparte against invasion of, 298; suffers defeats, 300; blockades French in Egypt, 300