The Day of Battle (103 page)

George Biddle had found that in “misery, destruction, frustration, and death,” certain annealed qualities seemed “to give war its justification, meaning, romance, and beauty. The qualities of valor, sacrifice, discipline, a sense of duty.” Even Mauldin, that flinty-eyed skeptic, would concede, “I stopped regarding the war as a show to help my career. I felt a seriousness of purpose, and I felt it in my bones.” A medic who had landed at Salerno later wrote his wife, “This is something that is born deep inside us, when we come to know
why
we are here, when we have learned how very important it was that we did leave you and all we love.”

Somewhere north of Rome, Glenn Gray wrote in his diary: “I watched a full moon sail through a cloudy sky…. I felt again the aching beauty of this incomparable land. I remembered everything that I had ever been and was. It was painful and glorious.”

Another day passed, and another night. The circling stars glided on their courses. The poets and the dreamers again struck their tents and shouldered their rifles to begin that long, last march.

The following abbreviations appear in the endnotes and bibliography.

45th ID Mus
45th Infantry Division Museum, Oklahoma City

AAF
Army Air Forces

AAFinWWII
W. F. Craven and J. L. Cate, eds.,
The Army Air Forces in World War II,
vol. II unless otherwise noted

AAR
after action report

AB
After the Battle

AD
armored division

admin
administration

AF
air force

AFHQ micro
Allied Forces Headquarters microfilm, NARA RG 331

AFHRA
Air Force Historical Research Agency

ag
adjutant general

AGF
Army Ground Forces

ALM
Audie Leon Murphy papers, USMA Special Collections, West Point

AR
armored regiment

AS
Armored School

ASEQ
Army Service Experiences Questionnaire, MHI

ASF
Army Service Forces

AU
Air University

Battle
W.G.F. Jackson,
The Battle for Italy

bde
brigade

bn
battalion

CA
working papers for
Cassino to the Alps

Calculated
Mark W. Clark,
Calculated Risk

CARL
Combined Arms Research Library, Fort Leavenworth, Kans.

CBH
Chester B. Hansen diary, MHI

CCS
Combined Chiefs of Staff

CEOH
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Office of History

CGSC
Command and General Staff School, U.S. Army

Chandler
Alfred Chandler, ed.,
The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower: The War Years

CINCLANT
Commander-in-Chief, Atlantic Fleet

CJB
Clay and Joan Blair collection, MHI

CM
L. K. Truscott, Jr.,
Command Missions

CMH
U.S. Army Center of Military History, Fort McNair, Washington, D.C.

co
company

Coakley
Robert W. Coakley and Richard M. Leighton,
Global Logistics and Strategy, 1943–1945

Col U OHRO
Columbia University Oral History Research Office

corr
correspondence

CSI
U.S. Army Combat Studies Institute, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas

ct
combat team

CtoA
Ernest F. Fisher, Jr.,
Cassino to the Alps

DA
Department of the Army

Danchev
Alex Danchev and Daniel Todman, eds.,
War Diaries, 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke

DDE
Dwight David Eisenhower

DDE Lib
Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library

Destruction
I.S.O. Playfair and C.J.C. Molony,
The Mediterranean and the Middle East,
vol. IV

diss
dissertation

div
division

DSC
Distinguished Service Cross

DTL
Donovan Technical Library, now Donovan Research Library

E
entry

EJD
Ernest J. Dawley, including papers at Hoover Institution Archive

ENH
Ernest N. Harmon, including papers at U.S. Army Military History Institute

ETO
European Theater of Operations

FA
field artillery

FAJ
Field Artillery Journal

FCP
Forrest C. Pogue, including background material for
The Supreme Commander

FDR Lib
Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library

FLW
Fred L. Walker

FMS
Foreign Military Studies

FOIA
Freedom of Information Act

FRUS
Foreign Relations of the United States: The Conferences at Washington and Quebec, 1943

Ft. K
Fort Knox, Ky.

Ft. L
Fort Leavenworth, Kans.

Garland
Albert N. Garland and Howard McGaw Smyth,
Sicily and the Surrender of Italy

GCM Lib
George C. Marshall Library, Lexington, Va.

GK
Geoffrey Keyes, including diary, author’s possession

GS
IV
Michael Howard,
Grand Strategy,
vol. IV

GS
V
John Ehrman,
Grand Strategy,
vol. V

GSP
George S. Patton, Jr., including papers at the Library of Congress

Hansen
draft of Omar Bradley’s
A Soldier’s Story,
C. B. Hansen, MHI

HCB
Harry C. Butcher, including papers

HIA
Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University

Hill/O’Neill
“Report of Col. William H. Hill and Col. E. J. O’Neill on Conference Held in Marrakech, March 10, 1994, JPL papers, MHI, box 4, 1

HKH
Henry Kent Hewitt Papers

Hq
headquarters

ID
infantry division

IJ
Infantry Journal

inf
infantry

intel
intelligence

Iowa GSM
Iowa Gold Star Museum, Fort Dodge, Iowa

IS
Infantry School, Fort Benning, Ga.

IWM
Imperial War Museum, London

JAG
U.S. Army judge advocate general

JCS
Joint Chiefs of Staff

JJT
John J. Toffey, IV, “A Game for the Young,” author’s possession

JMG
James M. Gavin papers

JPL
John P. Lucas, including diary, “From Algiers to Anzio,” MHI

LH
Basil Henry Liddell Hart

LHC
Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, King’s College, London

lib
library

LKT Jr.
Lucian K. Truscott, Jr.

LOC MS Div
Library of Congress Manuscript Division

MAAF
Mediterranean Allied Air Forces

MBR
Matthew B. Ridgway

MCC
Mina Curtiss Collection

MEB
Magna E. Bauer

Med
Mediterranean

MHI
U.S. Army Military History Institute, Carlisle, Pa.

micro
microfilm

Molony V
C.J.C. Molony et al.,
The Mediterranean and Middle East,
vol. V

Molony VI
C.J.C. Molony,
The Mediterranean and Middle East,
vol. VI, part 1

MP
military police

MR
Military Review

MRC FDM
McCormick Research Center, First Division Museum, Cantigny, Ill.

msg
message

mss
manuscript

MTOUSA
Mediterranean Theater of Operations, United States Army

MWC
Mark Wayne Clark, including papers at the Citadel, S.C., Archives and Museum

N Af
North Africa

n.d.
no date

NARA
National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Md.

NATOUSA
North African Theater of Operations, United States Army

NHC
Naval Historical Center, Washington, D.C.

NSA
National Security Agency

NWAf
George F. Howe,
Northwest Africa: Seizing the Initiative in the West

NWC Lib
National War College Library

NYT
New York Times

obit
obituary

OCMH
Office of the Chief of Military History

OCNO
Office of the Chief of Naval Operations

OCS
Office of the Chief of Staff

OH
oral history

OPD
Operations Division, War Department

OSS
Office of Strategic Services

OW
Orlando Ward Papers

Para
parachute

pm
provost marshal

PMR
Paul McD. Robinett papers

PP
Martin Blumenson,
The Patton Papers, 1940–1945

PP-pres
Papers, Pre-presidential

Proceedings
U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings

Pyle
Ernie Pyle,
Brave Men

qm
quartermaster

regt
regiment

RG
record group

RN
Royal Navy

ROHA
Rutgers University Oral History Archives of World War II

s.p.
self-published

SC
Signal Corps

SEM
Samuel Eliot Morison Office Files

SM
Sidney T. Matthews, including papers at MHI

SMH
Society for Military History

SOOHP
Senior Officer Oral History Program

SOS
Services of Supply

SSA
Samuel Eliot Morison,
Sicily-Salerno-Anzio,
vol. IX,
History of United States Naval Operations in World War II

SSI
working papers for
Sicily and the Surrender of Italy,
National Archives

SSt
Omar N. Bradley,
A Soldier’s Story

StoC
Martin Blumenson,
Salerno to Cassino
,
USAWWII

td
tank destroyer

TdA
Terry de la Mesa Allen, including papers

Texas
Fred L. Walker,
From Texas to Rome

Texas MFM
Texas Military Forces Museum, Austin

Three Years
Harry C. Butcher,
My Three Years with Eisenhower

TR
Theodore Roosevelt III Papers

ts
typescript

UK NA
National Archive, Kew, United Kingdom (formerly Public Record Office)

USAF HRC
U.S. Air Force Historical Research Center

USAF
U.S. Air Force

USAWWII
United States Army in World War II

USMA Arch
U.S. Military Academy Archives, West Point

USMC
U.S. Marine Corps

USN
U.S. Navy

USNA
U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md.

USNAd
“U.S. Naval Administration in World War II”

USNI OHD
U.S. Naval Institute, Oral History Department, Annapolis, Md.

UTEP
University of Texas at El Paso

UT-K
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Center for the Study of War and Society

VHP
Veterans’ History Project, National Folklife Center, Library of Congress

WD
War Department

WP
Washington Post

WSC
Winston S. Churchill

WTF
Western Task Force

WWII
World War II

XO
executive officer

YU
Yale University Library, Manuscripts and Archives

E
PIGRAPH

Virgil,
The Aeneid,
trans. Robert Fagles (New York: Viking, 2006), book 7 lines 747–51.

P
ROLOGUE

She could be heard: NYT,
Cunard Line advertising supplement, Apr. 2004, ZM1; David Williams,
Liners in Battledress,
114 (
Western Approaches
); Harold Larson, “Troop Transports in WWII,” ts, March 1945, CMH, 4-13.1 AA12, 21–22.

She slid:
corr, Lovetta Kramer, exec. dir, RMS
Queen Mary
Foundation and Archive, Long Beach, Calif., to author, Aug. 16, 2004; corr, Lorna Williams, Special Collections
and Archives, University of Liverpool, to author, Aug. 2004; William J. Duncan,
RMS
Queen Mary:
Queen of the Queens,
78–79, 106 (
New York warehouse
); Steve Harding,
Gray Ghost,
49 (
WW #21 W
); admin memo, Offices of the War Cabinet, May 3, 1943, UK NA, PREM 4/72/2 (
Scottish cages
); John Mason Brown,
To All Hands,
203 (“
barbarities
”); Louis E. Keefer,
Italian Prisoners of War in America,
35, 41; “Enemy POW Camps in the USA in World War II,” CMH, Historical Resources Branch, Nov. 5, 1942, 2 (
272,000
); “Office of the Provost Marshal General: World War II, a Brief History,” ts, 1946, CMH, 4-4 AA (
forty degrees
); Arnold P. Krammer, “German Prisoners of War in the United States,”
Military Affairs,
Apr. 1976, 67+ (
piano lessons
); Gregory Kupsky, UT-K, paper, SMH, Bethesda, Md., May 21, 2004 (
Sears Roebuck
).

But it was on the upper decks:
Danchev, 402 (
Officers crowded
); “Notes for Mr. Aubrey Morgan,” May 13, 1943, UK NA, PREM 4/72/2 (
suite number 105
).