The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown (200 page)

¹⁴³
D. A. deSilva, “Honor Discourse and the Rhetorical Strategy of the Apocalypse of John,”
JSNT71
(1998): 98.

¹⁴⁴
P. Hanson,
Dawn of Apocalyptic
(Philadelphia: Fortress, 1975), xi; J. J. Collins,
The Apocalyptic Imagination,
2d ed. (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998), 2.

¹⁴⁵
Collins,
Apocalyptic Imagination,
21; M. Smith, “On the History of
Apokalyptō and Apokalypsis,”
in
Apocalypticism in the Mediterranean World and the Near East: Proceedings of the International Colloquium on Apocalypticism,
ed. D. Hellholm (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1983), 9—20. The first to identify a group of writings as “apocalyptic” was F. Lücke in 1832 in
Versuch einer vollständigen Einleitung in die Offenbarung Johannis und in die gesamte apocalyptische Literatur
(Bonn: Weber, 1832). Cf. Collins,
Apocalyptic Imagination,
2—3.

¹⁴⁶
K. Koch,
The Rediscovery of Apocalyptic,
trans. M. Kohl (Naperville: A. R Allenson, 1972), 28-33.

¹⁴⁷
See the survey by D. Mathewson, “Revelation in Recent Genre Criticism: Some Implications for Interpretation,”
TrinJ 13
NS (1992): 193-213.

¹⁴⁸
P. Vielhauer, “Apocalypses and Related Subjects,” in
New Testament Apocrypha II,
ed. E. Hennecke and W. Schneemelcher (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1965), 583—94; cf. Koch,
Rediscovery of Apocalyptic,
23—28.

¹⁴⁹
J. J. Collins, “Introduction: Towards the Morphology of a Genre,”
Sem
14 (1979): 9.

¹⁵⁰
A. Y. Collins, “Introduction: Early Christian Apocalypticism,”
Sem
36 (1986): 7.

¹⁵¹
L. Hartman, “Survey of the Problem of Apocalyptic Genre,” in
Apocalypticism in the Mediterranean World and the Near East,
332—36. So D. E. Aune, “The Apocalypse of John and the Problem of Genre,”
Sem
36 (1986): 65—96.

¹⁵²
Collins,
Apocalyptic Imagination,
5—9.

¹⁵³
G. B. Caird,
The Language and Imagery of the Bible
(Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1997), 256.

¹⁵⁴
C. Rowland,
The Open Heaven: A Study of Apocalyptic in Judaism and Early Christianity
(London: SPCK, 1982; repr. Eugene: Wipf and Stock, 2002), 70-72.

¹⁵⁵
Eschatology constitutes a slippery term with a very broad range of meaning. Caird
(Language and Imagery of the Bible,
243—56) identified seven senses of eschatology; see G. B. Caird,
New Testament Theology,
ed. L. D. Hurst (Oxford: University Press, 1995), 243-67. Cf. I. H. Marshall, “Slippery Words, 1: Eschatology,”
ExpTim
89 (1978): 264-69; id., “A New Understanding of the Present and the Future: Paul and Eschatology,” in
Road from Damascus: The Impact of Paul's Conversion on His Life, Thought, and Ministry,
ed. R. N. Longenecker (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1997), 43—61; id., “Is Apocalyptic the Mother of Christian Theology?” in
Tradition and Interpretation in the New Testament: Essays in Honor of E. Earle Ellis for his 60th Birthday,
ed. G. F. Hawthorne and O. Betz (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1987), 33—42. In its most basic sense, eschatology pertains to the future consummation of God's dealings with humanity.

¹⁵⁶
The phrase “kingdom of God” occurs
66
times in the NT, though in the Johannine corpus elsewhere only in John 3:3,5. In addition, there are also several references to the “kingdom of heaven.”

¹⁵⁷
Carson and Moo,
Introduction to the New Testament,
713.

¹⁵⁸
Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza,
The Book of Revelation: Justice and Judgment,
2d ed. (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1998), 138. See A. J. Köstenberger and R. D. Patterson,
Invitation to Biblical Interpretation
(Grand Rapids: Kregel, forthcoming).

¹⁵⁹
G. E. Ladd, “Why Not Prophetic-Apocalyptic?”JBL 76 (1957): 192-200.

¹⁶⁰
Fiorenza,
Book of Revelation,
133—56.

¹⁶¹
D. A. Carson, D. J. Moo, and L. Morris,
An Introduction to the New Testament
(Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1992), 479.

¹⁶²
See E. F. Scott,
The Book of Revelation
(New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1940), 44.

¹⁶³
Charles,
Revelation of St. John, 1
.lxxxvii—xci; Aune,
Revelation 1—5, c
x—cxxxiv; Ford,
Revelation,
50—57; Prigent,
Commentary on the Apocalypse,
84—92.

¹⁶⁴
Roloff,
Revelation of John,
7. For an excellent summary of arguments concerning Revelation's literary unity, see Smalley,
Thunder and Love, 97-
101.

¹⁶⁵
Fiorenza,
Book of Revelation,
164.

¹⁶⁶
Barr, “The Apocalypse as a Symbolic Transformation,” 43.

¹⁶⁷
Bauckham,
Climax of Prophecy,
3—22.

¹⁶⁸
L. L. Thompson, “The Literary Unity of the Book of Revelation,” in
Mappings of the Biblical Terrain: The Bible as Text,
ed. V. L. Tollers and J. Maier (Lewisburg: Bucknell Univ. Press, 1990), 347—63; J. L. Resseguie,
Revelation Unsealed: A Narrative Critical Approach to John's Apocalypse,
Biblical Interpretation Series 32 (Leiden: Brill, 1998); D. Lee,
The Narrative Asides in the Book of Revelation
(Lanham: University Press of America, 2002); J. R. Michaels, “Revelation 1.19 and the Narrative Voices of the Apocalypse,”
NTS
37 (1991): 604-20.

¹⁶⁹
See D. L. Barr,
Tales of the End: A Narrative Commentary on the Book of Revelation
(Santa Rosa: Polebridge, 1998), 10; Collins,
Combat Myth,
8; Beale,
Book of Revelation,
108; Mounce,
Book of Revelation,
46; Bauckham,
Climax of Prophecy,
21; and Prigent,
Commentary on the Apocalypse,
93.

¹⁷⁰
R. J. Loenertz,
The Apocalypse of Saint John,
trans. H. Carpenter (New York: Sheed & Ward, 1948), xiv-xix; Fiorenza, “Composition and Structure of the Book of Revelation,”
CBQ39
(1977): 360—61.

¹⁷¹
Collins,
Combat Myth,
16—19; M. S. Hall, “The Hook Interlocking Structure of Revelation: The Most Important Verses in the Book and How They May Unify Its Structure,”
NovT
44 (2002): 278-96.

¹⁷²
Bauckham,
Climax of Prophecy,
9.

¹⁷³
Ibid., 3; cf. R. Herms,
An Apocalypse for the Church and for the World: The Narrative Function of Universal Language in the Book of Revelation,
BZNW 143 (Berlin: de Gruyter, 2006), especially 149-54.

¹⁷⁴
M. C. Tenney,
Interpreting Revelation
(Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1957), 33. See also G. E. Ladd,
A Commentary on the Revelation of John
(Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1972), 14; Mazzaferri,
Genre,
338—39; Bauckham,
Climax of Prophecy,
3; Beale,
Book of Revelation,
111; C. R. Smith, “The Structure of the Book of Revelation in Light of Apocalyptic Literary Conventions,”
NovT 36
(1994): 384—92; J. A. Filho, “The Apocalypse of John as an Account of a Visionary Experience: Notes on the Book's Structure,”
JSNT 25
(2002): 215.

¹⁷⁵
Beale, Book of Revelation,
110. The first vision (1:9) begins without the phrase
deixō soi,
but it could be implied from the prologue (1:1), or it may only have been necessary to introduce the successive visions with a reinstatement of its revelatory nature.

¹⁷⁶
Beale,
Book of Revelation,
152-70; W. C. van Unnik, “A Formula Describing Prophecy,”
NTS
9 (1963): 92-94.

¹⁷⁷
Osborne,
Revelation,
223; cf. Lee,
Narrative Asides,
142—47.

¹⁷⁸
Ford,
Revelation,
46-50.

¹⁷⁹
R. J. Korner, “‘And I Saw…’: An Apocalyptic Literary Convention for Structural Identification in the Apocalypse,”
NovT 42
(2000): 175.

¹⁸⁰
K. A. Strand, “The Eight Basic Visions in the Book of Revelation,”
AUSS
25 (1987): 401-8; see Beale,
Book of Revelation,
115.

¹⁸¹
Bauckham
(Climax of Prophecy,
9—11) dismissed the seven letters as one of the septets because the churches are named but not numbered and “[s]ince they do not form in any other sense a sequence, it is not important that the hearer be made aware of the numerical progression.” Another difference between the letters and the other septets is that they form a 3 + 4 structure while the judgments convey a 4 + 3 or 4 + (2 + intercalation + 1).

¹⁸²
Revelation 2:1-3:22; 6:1-8:1; 8:2-11:19; 15:1-16:21. See A. E. Steinmann, “The Tripartite Structure of the Sixth Seal, the Sixth Trumpet, and the Sixth Bowl of John's Apocalypse (Rev 6:12-7:17; 9:13-11:14; 16:12-16),”
JETS
35 (1992):
69—79.
See Bauckham,
Climax of Prophecy,
9—11.

¹⁸³
Mazzafferi,
Genre,
348-56.

¹⁸⁴
Charles,
Revelation of St. John,
1.xxv; D. Pentecost,
Things to Come
(Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1958), 187—88.

¹⁸⁵
Victorinus of Pettau,
Victorini episcopi Petavionensis Opera,
Corpus scriptorum ecclesiasticorum latinorum 49, ed. J. Haussleiter (Leipzig: F. Tempsky, 1916), 86; Collins,
Combat Myth,
32—44; J. Lambrecht, “A Structuration of Revelation 4,1—22,5,” in
L'Apocalypse johannique et l'Apocalyptique dans le Nouveau Testamentm,
ed. J. Lambrecht (Leuven: University Press, 1980), 80—92; C. H. Giblin, “Recapitulation and the Literary Coherence of John's Apocalypse,”
CBQ
56 (1994): 81—95; Aune,
Revelation 1—5,
xci—xciii; Beale,
Book of Revelation,
116—44.

¹⁸⁶
R. L. Thomas, “The Structure of the Apocalypse: Recapitulation or Progression?”
MSJ
4 (1993): 45—66; Beckwith,
Commentary on the Apocalypse,
606—11; J. F. Walvoord,
The Revelation of Jesus Christ
(Chicago: Moody, 1989), 150—51; Ladd,
Revelation,
122. Cf. J. R. Michaels
(Revelation,
IVPNTCS 20 [Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1997], 27-29), who used the term “reiteration”; his view comports with the telescopic rather than a strict recapitulation theory.

¹⁸⁷
See Beale,
Book of Revelation,
121-26.

¹⁸⁸
Beale
(Book of Revelation,
405) offered the best treatment of the relationship between the question in 6:17 and chap. 7.

¹⁸⁹
This is reminiscent of Amos 4 where God sent a series of plagues on Israel but they did not repent.

¹⁹⁰
Giblin, “Revelation 11.1-13,” 434.

¹⁹¹
Aune
(Revelation 6—16,
555) agreed with Giblin and noted the prophetic emphasis evident within this interlude.

¹⁹²
See R. Dalrymple, “These Are the Ones,”
Bib
86 (2005): 396-406; Beasley-Murray,
Book of Revelation,
31.

¹⁹³
Ford
(Revelation,
194—95) suggested that chap. 12 begins a new division of Revelation that she called the “book of signs.” But this epithet is problematic because it may be taken to imply that this section exists independently from the rest of the vision. See Smalley,
Revelation to John,
310; Beale,
Book of Revelation,
621.

¹⁹⁴
Aune,
Revelation 6-16,
679.

¹⁹⁵
Smalley,
Revelation to John,
313.

¹⁹⁶
Ibid. See Prigent,
Commentary on the Apocalypse,
376—77; Osborne,
Revelation,
456. For an analysis of the use of
sēmeion
in John's Gospel, see A. J. Köstenberger,
Studies on John and Gender,
SBL 38 (New York: P. Lang, 2001), 99—116.

¹⁹⁷
Osborne,
Revelation,
452: “Thus, this is the final of the three interludes and like them details the church's involvement in these end-time events.”

¹⁹⁸
Beasley-Murray,
Book of Revelation,
191; Beale,
Book of Revelation,
622—24; Mounce,
Book of Revelation,
234. Barr
(Tales of the End,
101—31) proposed that 11:19—22:21 comprises a third narrative unit he called “The War Scroll.”

¹⁹⁹
Some see chaps. 12—15 as consisting of an unnumbered series of sevens (Farrer, Beale); others see a chiastic structure (Strand, Shae).

²⁰⁰
C. H. Giblin, “Structural and Thematic Correlations in the Theology of Revelation 16-22,”
Bib
55 (1974): 488-89. Earlier scholars who have acknowledged the literary parallels include Swete, Lohmeyer, Allo, Wikenhauser, Lohse, and Rissi. Scholars since Giblin who have incorporated his work into their structural outlines include Bauckham,
Climax of Prophecy,
4; Beale,
Book of Revelation,
109-10; Aune,
Revelation 17-22,
1020-21; M. Wilcock,
The Message of Revelation,
BST (Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 2006), 112—15; and Collins,
Combat Myth,
19. But Collins could not fit these sections into her series of sevens, so she relegated them to appendices.

²⁰¹
Revelation 22:6 marks the beginning of the epilogue by alluding to Rev 1:1. Both passages refer to the angel sent to John to show him what must soon take place.

²⁰²
Osborne,
Revelation,
604.

²⁰³
B. R. Rossing
(The Choice Between Two Cities,
HTS [Harrisburg: Trinity Press International, 1999], 14—15) argued that this was part of John's rhetorical strategy to compel his audience to make a choice between the two cities. So E. M. Räpple,
The Metaphor of the City in the Apocalypse of John,
SBL 67 (New York: P. Lang, 2004).