The Conquering Tide (101 page)

70.
 Ibid.

71.
 Memorandum, King to Nimitz regarding the loss of U.S.S.
Liscome Bay
(CVE-56), December 30, 1943, Serial 002903, in NARA, RG 38, Records of the Office of the CNO, Box 36.

72.
 Potter and Nimitz,
Great Sea War
, p. 323.

73.
 Major J. F. Mills quoted by Lucas,
Combat Correspondent
, p. 170.

74.
 Harry W. Hill, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 685, Vol. 3, p. 305.

75.
 Edson's remarks excerpted in “Colonel Weller's Report of NGF at Tarawa” (undated), Julian C. Smith Papers, COLL/202, Series 4, Tarawa.

76.
 Memorandum King to Nimitz, December 16, 1943, Serial: 04258, Holland M. Smith Collection, COLL/2949, Box 1.

77.
 Lamar, “I Saw Stars,” p. 16.

78.
 Vandegrift and Asprey,
Once a Marine
, p. 232.

79.
 Julian Smith to Willie Llew, December 20, 1943, Julian C. Smith Papers, COLL/202, Box 8, Series 7, Correspondence, December 1943.

80.
 Julian Smith to Warren W. Brown, December 25, 1943, ibid.

81.
 Julian Smith to Islar Simms, December 25, 1943, ibid.

82.
 For example, see Spruance to Samuel Eliot Morison, March 19, 1963, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, MS Collection 12, Box 2, Folder 6.

83.
 “Mid-Pacific Stronghold,” p. 19.

84.
 Smith and Finch,
Coral and Brass
, p. 134.

85.
 Julian C. Smith, Lt. Gen., US Marine Corps, (ret.), Mr. Benis M. Frank, interviewer, Historical Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, Washington, DC, p. 309.

86.
 C.O.
Yorktown
, “Report on Operation Galvanic, 19 November to 27 November, 1943,” in NARA, RG 38, “WWII Action and Operational Reports,” Box 14.

87.
 Lt. (jg) Ralph Hanks, oral history, in Hammel, ed.,
Aces Against Japan
, p. 170.

88.
 Diary of Alexander Wilding Jr. quoted in Reynolds,
On the Warpath in the Pacific
, p. 276.

89.
 Truman J. Hedding (ret.), USNI Oral History Program, 1972.

90.
 Ibid.

91.
 C.O.
Yorktown
, “Report on Operation Galvanic, 19 November to 27 November, 1943,” in NARA, RG 38, “WWII Action and Operational Reports,” Box 14.

92.
 Fitzhugh Lee account in Wooldridge, ed.,
Carrier Warfare in the Pacific
, p. 112.

93.
 Quoted in Reynolds,
On the Warpath in the Pacific
, p. 282.

94.
 C.O.
Yorktown
, “Report on Operation Galvanic, 19 November to 27 November, 1943,” in NARA, RG 38, “WWII Action and Operational Reports,” Box 14.

95.
 Clark and Reynolds,
Carrier Admiral
, p. 134.

96.
 Truman J. Hedding (ret.), USNI Oral History Program, 1972.

97.
 C.O.
Yorktown
, “Report on Operation Galvanic, 19 November to 27 November, 1943,” in NARA, RG 38, “WWII Action and Operational Reports,” Box 14.

98.
 Truman J. Hedding (ret.), USNI Oral History Program, 1972.

99.
 Clark and Reynolds,
Carrier Admiral
, pp. 136–37.

100.
 Kernan,
Crossing the Line
, p. 99.

101.
 Ibid.

102.
 Ibid., p. 100.

103.
 Ibid., p. 102.

104.
 Ibid., p. 106.

105.
 Ibid.

106.
 Clark and Reynolds,
Carrier Admiral
, p. 138.

107.
 Ibid., p. 139.

108.
 Joseph J. Clark, CCOH Naval History Project, Part 2, Vol. 2, p. 432.

109.
 Reynolds,
On the Warpath in the Pacific
, p. 292.

110.
 
Honolulu Star-Bulletin
, January 27, 1944, quoted in Clark and Reynolds,
Carrier Admiral
, p. 140.

111.
 
 U.S.S. Essex
Cruise Book, 1944 (unpaginated).

112.
 George W. Anderson Jr., USNI Oral History Program, 1983, p. 120.

113.
 Joseph J. Clark, CCOH Naval History Project, Part 2, Vol. 2, p. 444.

Chapter Twelve

1.
 Edwin T. Layton, “Recollections of Fleet Admiral Nimitz,” USNI Oral History Program, 1970, p. 90.

2.
 USSBS,
Interrogations of Japanese Officials
, No. 139, Interrogation Nav No. 34, Interrogation of Commander Nakajima, Chikataka, Imperial Japanese Navy, October 21, 1945, p. 143.

3.
 Joseph J. Clark, CCOH Naval History Project, Part 2, Vol. 2, p. 445.

4.
 Edwin T. Layton, “Recollections of Fleet Admiral Nimitz,” USNI Oral History Program, 1970, p. 91.

5.
 Buell,
Dauntless Helldivers
, pp. 215–35.

6.
 Roger Bond account in Wooldridge, ed.,
Carrier Warfare in the Pacific
, p. 132.

7.
 C. S. King account in ibid., p. 285.

8.
 David S. McCampbell account in ibid., p. 196.

9.
 Mitscher quoted by Arleigh A. Burke in ibid., p. 167.

10.
 Arleigh A. Burke account in ibid., pp. 167–68.

11.
 CINCPAC War Diary, Book 5, pp. 1834–47.

12.
 Sherman,
Combat Command
, p. 226.

13.
 Smith and Finch,
Coral and Brass
, p. 145.

14.
 Truman J. Hedding (ret.), USNI Oral History Program, 1972.

15.
 Smith and Finch,
Coral and Brass
, p. 144.

16.
 Shaw et al.,
History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II
, p. 152.

17.
 Richard L. Conolly to Commandant of Marine Corps, November 26, 1952, in ibid.

18.
 1st Lt. Samuel H. Zutty quoted in ibid., p. 171.

19.
 Smith and Finch,
Coral and Brass
, p. 146.

20.
 Kenneth Dodson letter dated February 9, 1944, in Shenk, ed.,
Authors at Sea
, p. 293.

21.
 Ibid., pp. 294–96.

22.
 Potter,
Nimitz
, p. 334.

23.
 Astor,
Wings of Gold
, p. 224.

24.
 Beaver,
Sailor from Oklahoma
, p. 283.

25.
 Smith and Finch,
Coral and Brass
, p. 148.

26.
 Entry dated January 6, 1944, in CINCPAC War Diary, Book 5, p. 1833.

27.
 “Special Report of
flintlock
 and
catchpole
 Operations,” March 1, 1944, p. 7, USMC Archives.

28.
 Harry W. Hill, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 685, Vol. 3, p. 297.

29.
 Shaw et al.,
History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II
, p. 227.

30.
 Sherman,
Combat Command
, p. 226.

31.
 CINCPAC to COMINCH, December 26, 1943, in CINCPAC War Diary, Book 4, p. 1830.

32.
 Ramage, “Raid on Truk.”

33.
 Astor,
Wings of Gold
, p. 227.

34.
 Minoru Nomura, “Ozawa in the Pacific,” in Evans, ed.,
Japanese Navy in World War II
, p. 291.

35.
 Ramage, “Raid on Truk.”

36.
 Astor,
Wings of Gold
, p. 229.

37.
 Masataka Chihaya, “Account of the Fiasco of Truk,” in Goldstein and Dillon, eds.,
Pacific War Papers
, p. 279.

38.
 Astor,
Wings of Gold
, p. 223.

39.
 Boyington,
Baa Baa Black Sheep
, p. 250.

40.
 Ibid., p. 252.

41.
 Statement of Lt. (jg) Woodward M. Hampton, VF-1, Ernest J. King Papers, Box 9.

42.
 Ibid.

43.
 Ramage, “Raid on Truk.”

44.
 Sherman,
Combat Command
, p. 230.

45.
 Astor,
Wings of Gold
, p. 235.

46.
 Charles Moore, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 655, Vol. 5, pp. 896–97.

47.
 William I. Martin account in Wooldridge, ed.,
Carrier Warfare in the Pacific
, p. 149.

48.
 Masataka Chihaya, “Account of the Fiasco of Truk,” in Goldstein and Dillon, eds.,
Pacific War Papers
, p. 282.

49.
 “Return Visit.”

50.
 Ibid.

Chapter Thirteen

1.
 Agawa,
Reluctant Admiral
, pp. 196–97.

2.
 Entry dated August 5, 1943,
Sugiyama Memo
, 2 vols. (Tokyo: Hara Shobso, 1967), quoted in Irokawa,
Age of Hirohito
, p. 91.

3.
 “New Operational Policy” document quoted in Bix,
Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
, p. 468.

4.
 Ibid.

5.
 Minoru Nomura, “Ozawa in the Pacific,” in Evans, ed.,
Japanese Navy in World War II
, p. 295.

6.
 Okumiya, Horikoshi, and Caidin,
Zero!
, p. 228.

7.
 Ibid., p. 227.

8.
 Morison,
History of United States Naval Operations in World War II
, Vol. 7, p. 331.

9.
 
Mainichi Shinbun
, February 23, 1944, quoted in entry dated March 16, 1944, in Kiyosawa,
Diary of Darkness
, p. 160.

10.
 Entry dated October 5, 1943, in ibid., p. 91.

11.
 Lt. Cmdr. Iyozo Fujita, oral history, in Werneth, ed.,
Beyond Pearl Harbor
, p. 241.

12.
 Atsushi Oi, “The Japanese Navy in 1941,” in Goldstein and Dillon, eds.,
Pacific War Papers
, p. 23.

13.
 Sakai, Caidin, and Saito,
Samurai!
, p. 185.

14.
 Horikoshi, Shindo, and Wanteiz,
Eagles of Mitsubishi
, p. 141.

15.
 Minoru Nomura, “Ozawa in the Pacific,” in Evans, ed.,
Japanese Navy in World War II
, p. 300.

16.
 Sakai, Caidin, and Saito,
Samurai!
, p. 27.

17.
 Okumiya, Horikoshi, and Caidin,
Zero!
, pp. 36–37.

18.
 Saburo Sakai oral history, in Cook and Cook, eds.,
Japan at War
, p. 139.

19.
 Ibid., p. 140.

20.
 Tagaya,
Imperial Japanese Naval Aviator
, p. 9.

21.
 Sakai, Caidin, and Saito,
Samurai!
, p. 27.

22.
 Entry dated March 12, 1944, in Kiyosawa,
Diary of Darkness
, p. 154.

23.
 Entry dated May 30, 1944, in ibid., p. 202.

24.
 Entry dated September 30, 1944, in ibid., p. 259.

25.
 Potter,
Nimitz
, p. 358.

26.
 Julian C. Smith, Lt. Gen., US Marine Corps, (ret.), Mr. Benis M. Frank, interviewer, Historical Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, Washington, DC, p. 307.

27.
 Hoyt,
How They Won the War in the Pacific
, p. 371.

28.
 U.S. Department of State,
FRUS
,
1943
,
The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran
, Vol. 4, p. 780.

29.
 Coffey,
Hap
, p. 334.

30.
 Potter,
Nimitz
, p. 340.

31.
 Ibid., p. 342.

32.
 Kenney,
General Kenney Reports
, p. 348.

33.
 Potter,
Nimitz
, p. 343.

34.
 Ibid., p. 344.

35.
 Ibid., p. 354.

36.
 Terasaki and Miller,
Bridge to the Sun
, p. 134.

37.
 Aiko Takahashi diary, entry dated April 21, 1943, in Yamashita, ed.,
Leaves from an Autumn of Emergencies
, p. 169.

38.
 Entry dated September 9, 1943, in Kiyosawa,
Diary of Darkness
, p. 76.

39.
 Entry dated December 9, 1943, in ibid., p. 117.

40.
 Entry dated September 11, 1943, in ibid., p. 77.

41.
 “Battle of the Spirits,”
Japan Times and Advertiser
, August 24, 1943.

42.
 Entry dated May 26, 1943, in Kiyosawa,
Diary of Darkness
, p. 31.

43.
 Entry dated September 5, 1943, in ibid., p. 75.

44.
 “Position Truly Grave,”
Advertiser
(Adelaide, Australia), October 27, 1943, p. 1.

45.
 Cook and Cook, eds.,
Japan at War
, p. 173.

46.
 Aiko Takahashi diary, entry dated June 10, 1943, in Yamashita, ed.,
Leaves from an Autumn of Emergencies
, p. 170.

47.
 Maintenance Lt. Hiroshi Suzuki, oral history, in Werneth, ed.,
Beyond Pearl Harbor
, p. 93.

48.
 Minoru Nomura, “Ozawa in the Pacific,” in Evans, ed.,
Japanese Navy in World War II
, p. 306.

49.
 Entry dated May 31, 1944, in Ugaki,
Fading Victory
, p. 380.

50.
 Navy Directive No. 373 quoted in Minoru Nomura, “Ozawa in the Pacific,” in Evans, ed.,
Japanese Navy in World War II
, p. 310.

51.
 Minoru Nomura, “Ozawa in the Pacific,” in Evans, ed.,
Japanese Navy in World War II
, p. 302.

52.
 Lt. Cmdr. Zenji Abe, oral history, in Werneth, ed.,
Beyond Pearl Harbor
, p. 55.

53.
 Entry dated April 16, 1944, in Ugaki,
Fading Victory
, p. 349.

54.
 Entry dated April 18, 1944, in ibid., p. 361.

55.
 Entry dated April 27, 1944, in ibid., p. 365.

56.
 Entry dated April 24, 1944, in ibid., p. 363.