The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (926 page)

(
c.
1685–1768).
Ordination name of Nagasawa Ekaku, a major Japanese
Zen
master, painter, and poet. Hakuin is especially noted for his vigorous revitalization of
Rinzai-sh
spiritual training and for his bold style of inkwash painting. His teacher, D
ky
Etan, refused to recognize an early experience of
satori
, and set him to more severe Zen training. In his own teaching, he emphasized the three pillars of Zen (see
DAI-FUNSHI
) and k
an practice: he is the source of the most frequently (in the W.) quoted k
an, ‘What is the sound of one hand clapping?’, which is known as
sekishu
. He was abbot of several monasteries, including Ry
taki-ji, (active to the present day), and he emphasized disciplined meditation at all times (not just at chosen times) in order to achieve
kensho
.

 
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(Jap., ‘white paper’). The state of consciousness in Zen Buddhism attained through
zazen
, which immediately precedes enlightenment.

 
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(1885–1973).
Japanese Zen Buddhist master. He spent much time visiting the USA, and his instructions in Zen underlie P. Kapleau (ed.),
The Three Pillars of Zen
(1980).

 
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