The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1664 page)

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Authors: John Bowker

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ro chos drug
,
Chödrug
.

Six Doctrines of N

ropa. One of the principal bodies of teaching of the
Kagyü
school of Tibetan Buddhism, so-called because they passed from N

ropa (1016–1100) to the Kagyü founder, Marpa Lotsawa. N

ropa had received them from his
guru
Ti-lo-pa
(988–1069), who in turn had obtained them from their ultimate source Vajradhara, a
dharmak

ya
(see
TRIK

YA
) form of Buddhahood itself. They consist of:

1
Tummo
(
gtum.mo
, Heat Yoga), by which the indivisibility of bliss (
bde.ba
) and emptiness (
stong.pa.-nyid
) are realized.
2
Gyulü
(
sgyu.lus
, Illusory Body), by which the insubstantiality of all phenomena is realized.
3
Milam
(
rmi.lam
, Dream Yoga), where the knowledge gained in gyulü is extended into the maintenance of consciousness in the dream state.
4
Osal
(
’od.gsal
, Clear Light), by which the natural luminosity of emptiness is apprehended.
5
Phowa
(
’pho.ba
, Ejection), in which the ability to separate the consciousness from the body is attained.
6
Bardo
(
bar.do
, Intermediate State between death and rebirth), in which the yogin reenacts his experiences in that state and obtains control over his bardo passage and rebirth