The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1276 page)

n, the upright or rightly guided. The Caliphate was assumed by the Ottoman Turkish rulers (sult
ns) as a title, and it was abolished in the secularizing reforms of Kemal Atatürk in 1924.

 
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(‘the land where the
kh
ls
rules’, or ‘the land of the pure’). The name given to the territory which some Sikhs would like to see established as a Sikh homeland. In some estimates, it would be greater than the present Puñj
b, and would include an outlet to the Indian Ocean.

 
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(Arab., ‘kh
lis’, ‘pure’). Body of initiated Sikhs; also any true Sikh. The term denoted land in the Mughal emperor's direct possession, as opposed to lands owned by his lords. So, even before the time of Gur
Gobind Si
gh
, kh
ls
could refer to groups of Sikhs whose loyalty was to the Gur
rather than to his
masands
. However, according to tradition, the kh
ls
was instituted by Gobind Si
gh on
Bais
kh
(30 Mar.) 1699 CE, when the Gur
administered
kha
e-d
-p
hul