(Skt., the ‘living-self’). The personal or individual soul as distinct from the
param
tman
, the ‘Supreme-self’. According to
Advaita
Ved
nta, the distinction is only an apparent one. However, other schools of Indian philosophy, such as the
Vi
i
dvaita-ved
nta
and the various devotional (
bhakti
) movements, affirm the reality of this distinction.
Jiz
(bodhisattva who helps children)
:
Jizya
(Arab.,
jaz
, ‘reward, requite’). The poll tax levied on non-Muslims in Muslim countries, based on e.g. Qur’
n 9. 29. In return for jizya, the Muslim state has an obligation to protect those who pay it.