The Company Town (42 page)

6
Olien and Olien,
Oil in Texas
, pp. 88-91, 145.

7
Michael Wallis,
Oil Man: The Story of Frank Phillips and the Birth of Phillips Petroleum
(New York: Doubleday, 1988), pp. 27, 47-48, 61-76, 103, 161.

8
Ibid., pp. 90, 123-135, 184-191, 222-253, 295, 388, 439-443.

9
Joe Williams,
Bartlesville: Remembrances of Times Past, Reflections of Today
(Bartlesville, Oklahoma: TRW Reda Pump Division, 1978); “Pickens Is Target of Numerous Barbs in Oklahoma Town,”
Wall Street Journal
, December 12, 1984, p. 1; Francis C. Brown III, “Dear Mr. Pickens: Please Send Me Lots of Money, (Signed) A Pen Pal,”
Wall Street Journal
, July 25, 1985, p. 1; Caleb Solomon, “Lingering Oil Shock: Takeover Raids Leave Phillips Employees Fearing New Assaults,”
Wall Street Journal
, February 1, 1989, p. 1; Dawn Blalock, “Phillips Petroleum, Long Buried in Debt, Frees Itself,”
Wall Street Journal
, April 15, 1996, p. B3; Thaddeus Herrick, “Bigger
is Better for Mulva, ConocoPhillips's First CEO,”
Wall Street Journal
, November 21, 2001, p. B6; Alexei Barrionuevo and John R. Wilke, “Conoco-Phillips Merger to Get FTC's Approval,”
Wall Street Journal
, August 30, 2002, p. A2; Ben Casselman and Angel Gonzales, “Corporate News: Oil Industry Strives to Limit Its Layoffs,”
Wall Street Journal
, March 9, 2009, p. B3; Bartlesville, Oklahoma, Web site,
www.bartlesville.com/business/category.php?cat=1059
; company museum Web site,
www.phillips66museum.com/index.htm
.

10
Ron Chernow,
Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr.
(New York: Random House, 1998), pp. 430, 556.

11
Richard S. Tedlow,
Giants of Enterprise: Seven Business Innovators and the Empires They Built
(New York: HarperBusiness, 2001), pp. 119-176.

12
Irving Bernstein,
The Lean Years: A History of the American Worker 1920-1933
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1960), pp. 432-434; Douglas Brinkley,
Wheels for the World: Henry Ford, His Company, and a Century of Progress
(New York: Viking, 2003), pp. 390-392.

13
Irving Bernstein,
Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker 1933-1941
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1971), pp. 519-520; Brinkley,
Wheels for the World
, pp. 276-279.

14
Brinkley,
Wheels for the World
, p. 442; John Gunther,
Inside U. S.A.
(New York: New Press, 1997), pp. 417-418; Howard P. Segal,
Recasting the Machine Age: Henry Ford's Village Industries
(Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2005), pp. 6- 59, 122.

15
Tom Krisher, “U.S. Automakers Lose Majority of U.S. Market,” Associated Press, August 1, 2007.

16
David Gelsanliter,
Jump Start: Japan Comes to the Heartland
(New York: Farrar Straus & Giroux, 1990), pp. 4-11, 58, 94-95, 157, 185, and passim; Paulo Prada and Dan Fitzpatrick, “South Could Gain as Detroit Struggles,”
Wall Street Journal
, November 20, 2008, p. B1; “A Tale of Two Industries,”
Wall Street Journal
, November 22, 2005; David Welch, “Why Toyota Is Afraid of Being Number One,”
BusinessWeek
, March 5, 2007.

17
David Welch and David Kiley, “The Tough Road Ahead for GM and Chrysler,”
BusinessWeek
, May 27, 2009; Ed Wallace, “Viewpoint: The U.S. Auto Industry in 2012,”
BusinessWeek
, June 23, 2009.

18
Robert Hoover and John Hoover,
An American Quality Legend: How Maytag Saved Our Moms, Vexed the Competition, and Presaged America's Quality Revolution
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993), pp. 62-156, 176-201.

19
Robert Johnson, “Iowa Villages' Tourism Boom Brings Questionable Progress,”
Wall Street Journal
, May 8, 1984, p. 37; Joseph T. Hallinan, “Maytag Will Buy Amana Appliances for $325 Million,”
Wall Street Journal
, June 6, 2001, p. B6; Carl Quintanilla, “So, Who's Dull? Maytag's Top Officer, Expected to Do Little, Surprises His Board,”
Wall Street Journal
, June 23, 1998, p. A1; Richard Gibson, “Maytag Faces
Big Settlement Payments,”
Wall Street Journal
, December 29, 2004, p. 1; “Maytag Corp.: Restructuring Plan Includes Cutting 20% of Work Force,”
Wall Street Journal
, June 7, 2004, p. B4; “Maytag Corp: Shareholders Approve the Sale of Company to Whirlpool,”
Wall Street Journal
, December 23, 2005, p. B4; “Maytag Closing Means More Than Loss of Jobs,” Associated Press, June 26, 2006.

20
Michael J. McCarthy, “Town Fears Being Hung Out to Dry by Maytag Sale,”
Wall Street Journal
, May 27, 2005, p. C1; “Don't Worry, Newton Won't Be a Washout,”
Wall Street Journal
, June 13, 2005, p. A9; Jessica Lowe, “After Maytag's Departure, Good Fortune Blows Newton's Way,”
Newton Daily News
, April 27, 2009,
www.newtondailynews.com/articles/2009/04/27/r_tfbftxd7tpcfdcuctlv1ow
; Jessica Lowe, “President Unveils Energy Plan During Newton Visit,”
Newton Daily News
, April 23, 2009,
www.newtondailynews.com/articles/2009/04/23/75398989
.

21
Cheri Register,
Packinghouse Daughter: A Memoir
(New York: HarperCollins, 2001), pp. 30-31.

22
Wilson J. Warren,
Tied to the Great Packing Machine
(Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2007), pp. 7-21, 63.

23
Hardy Green,
On Strike at Hormel: The Struggle for a Democratic Labor Movement
(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990), especially pp. 6-8, 35-41; Fred H. Blum,
Toward a Democratic Work Process: The Hormel-Packinghouse Workers' Experiment
(New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1953), pp. 57-61.

24
Richard Dougherty,
In Quest of Quality: Hormel's First 75 Years
(Austin, MN: Geo. A. Hormel & Co., 1966), pp. 35-37, 64-82, 119-141.

25
Blum,
Toward a Democratic Work Process
, pp. 4-13; Larry Englemann, “‘We Were the Poor People'—The Hormel Strike of 1933,”
Labor History
15 (Fall 1974): 490-493, 508-510; Peter Rachleff,
Hard-Pressed in the Heartland: The Hormel Strike and the Future of the Labor Movement
(Boston: South End Press, 1993), pp. 29-35; David Brody,
The Butcher Workmen: A Study of Unionization
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964), p. 161.

26
Blum,
Toward a Democratic Work Process
, pp. 16-61, 126-160; Warren,
Tied to the Great Packing Machine
, pp. 83-85 and passim; Dougherty,
In Quest of Quality
, pp. 158-159, 179, 302-303; Green,
On Strike at Hormel
, pp. 38, 323, note 35.

27
Warren,
Tied to the Great Packing Machine
, pp. 24-28, 41-45, 68-71; Deborah Fink,
Cutting Into the Meatpacking Line: Workers and Change in the Rural Midwest
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), pp. 135-136; Michael J. Broadway, “From City to Countryside: Recent Changes in the Structure and Location of the Meat-and-Fish Processing Industries,” in
Any Way You Cut It: Meat Processing and Small-Town America
, ed. Donald D. Stull, Michael J. Broadway, and David Griffith (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995), pp. 19-22; Donald D. Stull and Michael J. Broadway, “Killing Them Softly: Work in Meatpacking Plants and What It Does to Workers,” in
Any Way You Cut It
, pp. 64-70; “Meatpacking in the U.S.: Still a ‘Jungle' Out There?” Public Broadcasting System program
NOW
, week of December
15, 2006,
www.pbs.org/now/shows/250/meat-packing.html
; Dennis Farney, “A Town in Iowa Finds Big New Packing Plant Destroys Its Old Calm,”
Wall Street Journal
, April 3, 1990.

28
Julia Preston, “Child Labor Charges Are Sought Against Kosher Meat Plant in Iowa,”
New York Times
, August 6, 2008, p. A15; Thomas Frank, “Captives of the Meatpacking Archipelago,”
Wall Street Journal
, August 6, 2008; Julia Preston, “After Raid, Federal Charges for Ex-C.E.O. at Meatpacker,”
New York Times
, October 31, 2008.

1
The Census Bureau quote appears in Marilynn S. Johnson,
The Second Gold Rush: Oakland and the East Bay in World War II
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), p. 2; the armed forces number appears in George Q. Flynn,
The Mess in Washington: Manpower Mobilization in World War II
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1979), p. 190; American Social History Project,
Who Built America
, vol. 2 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1992), pp. 445-446; Richard Polenberg,
War and Society: The United States, 1941-1945
(Philadelphia and New York: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1972), pp. 11-20, 140.

2
John Dos Passos,
State of the Nation
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1944), pp. 92-94, 301-302.

3
“Richmond Took a Beating,”
Fortune
, February 1945, pp. 262-264; Kevin Starr,
Embattled Dreams: California in War and Peace, 1940-1950
(Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 146-147; Mark S. Foster,
Henry J. Kaiser: Builder in the American West
(Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989), pp. 69-71.

4
Foster,
Henry J. Kaiser
, pp. 72-73; Johnson,
The Second Gold Rush
, pp. 83-86, 124, 147-148; “Richmond Took a Beating,” p. 267.

5
Joseph Fabry,
Swing Shift: Building the Liberty Ships
(San Francisco: Strawberry Hill Press, 1982), p. 16; William Martin Camp,
Skip to My Lou
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran & Co, 1945), p. 343.

6
Starr,
Embattled Dreams
, pp. 146-147; Foster,
Henry J. Kaiser
, pp. 82-88; Johnson,
The Second Gold Rush
, pp. 62-65.

7
Foster,
Henry J. Kaiser
, pp. 6-64, 114-117; Starr,
Embattled Dreams
, p. 145; John Gunther,
Inside U.S.A.
(New York: New Press, 1997), p. 69.

8
Foster,
Henry J. Kaiser
, pp. 13, 15-17, 35; “Richmond Took a Beating,” p. 265.

9
Johnson,
The Second Gold Rush
, pp. 87-101; “Richmond Took a Beating,” pp. 262-264; Foster,
Henry J. Kaiser
, p. 73.

10
Foster,
Henry J. Kaiser
, pp. 56-57, 73; Johnson,
The Second Gold Rush
, pp. 34, 46-79, 124; Chester Himes,
If He Hollers Let Him Go
(New York: Da Capo Press, 1945).

11
Gunther,
Inside U.S.A.
, p. 71; Johnson,
The Second Gold Rush
, pp. 39, 198-200;

12
“Richmond Took a Beating,” p. 268; Johnson,
The Second Gold Rush
, pp. 199-223.

13
Kevin Starr,
Golden Dreams: California in an Age of Abundance, 1950-1963
(Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), pp. 11-12.

14
Foster,
Henry J. Kaiser
, pp. 216-218; Kaiser Permanente's own account of its history can be found at
http://xnet.kp.org/newscenter/aboutkp/historyofkp.html
.

15
Charles W. Johnson and Charles O. Jackson,
City Behind a Fence: Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 1942-1946
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1981), pp. xix-xx, 8- 28, 41, 139; Peter Bacon Hales,
Atomic Spaces: Living on the Manhattan Project
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997), pp. 128-129, 176-180; George O. Robinson,
The Oak Ridge Story
(Kingsport, TN: Southern Publishers, 1950), pp. 45, 49, 68-70.

16
Richard Rhodes,
The Making of the Atomic Bomb
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986), pp. 312-315; quotes regarding Groves are from Major General K. D. Nichols,
The Road to Trinity
(New York: William Morrow & Co., 1987), p. 108, and Johnson and Jackson,
City Behind a Fence
, p. 4.

17
William Lawren,
The General and the Bomb: A Biography of General Leslie R. Groves, Director of the Manhattan Project
(New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1988), pp. 43-60; Rhodes,
The Making of the Atomic Bomb
, pp. 407, 424-426, 454, 487; Stephen M. Younger,
The Bomb: A New History
(New York: Ecco, 2009), pp. 14-15, 21-22; Hales,
Atomic Spaces
, p. 134; Robinson,
The Oak Ridge Story
, pp. 44-45.

18
Hales,
Atomic Spaces
, pp. 50-57, 60; Robinson,
The Oak Ridge Story
, pp. 22-25.

19
Rhodes,
The Making of the Atomic Bomb
, pp. 490-494, 547; Robinson,
The Oak Ridge Story
, p. 48; Johnson and Jackson,
City Behind a Fence
, pp. 8-10, 21-23; Nichols,
The Road to Trinity
, p. 149; Stephane Groueff,
Manhattan Project: The Untold Story of the Making of the Atomic Bomb
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1967), pp. 239- 244, 313-337.

20
Johnson and Jackson,
City Behind a Fence
, pp. 21-23, 32, 52, 87-79, 111; Robinson,
The Oak Ridge Story
, pp. 48-49; Hales,
Atomic Spaces
, pp. 81-90, 109- 113; Nichols,
The Road to Trinity
, 58-59, 124-128, 159.

21
Johnson and Jackson,
City Behind a Fence
, p. 28; Robinson,
The Oak Ridge Story
, pp. 45, 70; Hales,
Atomic Spaces
, pp. 176-177, 218-221; Nichols,
The Road to Trinity
, p. 131; Russell B. Olwell,
At Work in the Atomic City: A Labor and Social History of Oak Ridge, Tennessee
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2004), pp. 42- 61; Jay Walz, “Atom Bombs Made in 3 Hidden ‘Cities,'”
New York Times
, August 7, 1945, p. 1.