The Coming of the Third Reich (114 page)

Siemens

Siemens (electricity company boss)

Silesia

single mothers

slave labourers

Slavic East

Slavs

and
Lebensraum

supposedly inferior and uncivilized

and the Nordic race

and ‘Germanizing’ of Eastern Europe

social biology

Social Darwinism

Social Democratic Party of Germany

formed

membership

success in 1912 election

gulf between it and ‘bourgeois’ parties

institutional structure

suppression of

and police

and the industrial working class

and antisemitism

principles

splits into factions

and the Communist Party

opposes German Fatherland Party

Reichsbanner Black-Red-Gold founded

and the Free Corps

and a Red Army of workers

Majority wings

Marxist ideology

main strength of

representation in the Reichstags

bulwark of democracy in the Republic

and Grand Coalitions

and the presss

puritanical view of personal relationships

and education

Law for the Protection of the Republic

and Bismarck’s reforms

egalitarianism

mass demonstrations in Vienna

Hitler opposes

Erfurt Programme (1891)

part of a broad coalition (1923)

and farming community

Nazi hatred of

and the new cabinet

Brüning and

in 1930 elections

backs Hindenburg (1932)

loses touch with political reality

impotence of

July 1932 Reichstag elections

November 1932 Reichstag elections

lack of response to the Nazi threat

March 1933 elections

press ban

officials imprisoned in concentration camps

concentration camp warning

and the Enabling Act

and the trade unions

May Day, 1933

destruction of

supports the government on disarmament

Nazi determination to destroy it

lawsuit against Papen

see also
Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany; socialism; socialist movement

social deviants

sterilization of

graded as ‘low quality’

social hygiene

Social Revolutionaries (Russia)

social welfare

social work

socialism

and Jews

and nationalism

and antisemitism

opposed by Italian Fascism

Socialist International

socialist movement

law-abiding

and Anti-Socialist Law (1878)

forms Social Democratic Party

Society for the Eastern Marches

Society for German Colonization

soldiers’ councils

Sollmann, Wilhelm

Solmitz, Louise

Somme, Battle of the

‘Song of the Storm Columns’

‘Song Stave’

Sonnemann, Emmy

Sonnenburg penal camp

Sorbs

South Tyrol

South-West Africa

Soviet bloc, former: new documents discovered

Soviet Communist Party

Politbureau

Central Committee

Soviet Union

Soviet regime’s grip on Communist parties

German army’s training sessions in

and hyperinflation

Thälmann’s faith in

Blomberg visits

Stalin unleashes a reign of terror
see also
Russia

Spahn, Martin

Spain

‘clerico-fascist’ regime

Spandau

Spanish army

SpanishWar

Spartacist uprising (Berlin, January 1919)

Spengler, Oswald

The Fall of the West

Spoliation Advisory Panel

sports clubs

SS (
Schutzstaffel
; Protection Squad)

Himmler appointed its head

membership

independence

structure

collects confidential information

poised to tackle internal disobedience

beaten up in Berlin

torchlit parades

triumphant parades and processions of

‘auxiliary police’ force

torture of Sollmann

swastika raised on official buildings

runs Dachau

torture methods

and Social Democrats

and trade unions

and Galen’s installation as bishop

town halls occupied

prosecutions

camp guards

and book-burning

Stadelheim gaol, Munich

Stalin, Josef

unleashes a reign of terror

components of his new political order

and Trotsky

Stalinism: compared with Nazism

Standard Oil

Stassfurt

state, the

downgrading the importance of

growing interference in labour relations

centralization of

and Reichstag elections (5 March 1933)

State Court

State Party (previously the Democrats) see German Democratic Party

Staudinger, Hermann

steel

Steel Helmets: League of Front-Soldiers

forcibly incorporated into the SA

functions

renamed

Stegerwald, Adam

Steinmann, Vicar-General

Stelling, Johannes

Stennes, Walther

sterilization, compulsory

Stinnes, Hugo

Stock Exchange

Stöcker, Adolf

founds an antisemitic Christian Social Party

history of modern antisemitism in Germany begins with him

Stocker, Helene

‘Storm Division’ (
Sturmabteilung,
or SA; stormtroopers)

built up by Röhm

Goring replaces

Kahr meeting broken up

an illegal organization

reconstituted

subordinated to the Party

cuts links with other paramilitary groups

putsch of 1923

Party rally (July 1926)

Wessel in

and Goebbels

and soup kitchens

Bormann and

the ‘murderers’ storm’

‘Marxists’ as the enemy

fanaticism and hatred

idealism

Abel interviews

under Röhm

‘Assault Squad’

SS collects information on

and Communists

Wessel a brownshirt activist

‘Song of the Storm Columns’

violence at a Goring meeting

harassment of Buchwitz

Pfeffer von Salomon fired

Röhm takes over

oath of allegiance

Boxheim documents

membership statistics

police raid brownshirt premises

Communists attempt to stop their march

ban lifted

Pietzuch murder

Hitler supports their brutal violence

Hindenburg on

and Hitler’s appointment (1933)

‘auxiliary police’

and trade unions

Eisleben street battle

and Social Democrats

Centre Party meetings attacked

as auxiliary police

violence against individuals

hatred of Bolsheviks

prepared to seize power

thefts by

5 March 1933 elections

makeshift gaols and torture centres

torture by

‘wild’ arrests by

Hitler’s exhortation

‘phenomenal discipline’ of

and trade unions

brass bands

‘Köpenick Blood-Week’

death of Stelling

Galen’s consecration

Hitler’s threat

Steel Helmets forcibly incorporated into

attack on Hirschfeld’s Institute

book-burning

civil servants and mayors forced out of office

extortion

disruption of a Busch concert

Sonnenburg penal camp

bomb attacks on Jewish property

and boycott of Jewish shops

levels of violence

prosecution of

concept of revolution

Stormer
,
The
(
Der Stürmer
) newspaper

Strasser, Gregor

middle-class background

arrested after putsch attempt

elected to Bavarian Parliament

a talented administrator

his idea of socialism

shocked at Hitler’s tough stance

Reich Propaganda Leader of the Party

1928 elections

and women’s organizations

and embryonic Nazi social order

and Himmler

prepared to criticize Hitler

disowns his brother

extravagant tastes

resignation

ideological position

Strasser, Otto

Strauss, Richard

The Egyptian Helena
(opera)

Intermezzo
(opera)

Streicher, Julius

Stresemann, Gustav

Stumm, Karl Ferdinand von

submarine warfare

Swakopmund, South-West Africa

swastika symbol

Sweden

Switzerland

Syllabus of Errors (1864)

Tanganyika

Tannenberg, Battle of

Tannenberg League

taxation

Taylor, Alan

‘Taylorism’

teachers

technology

Tempel, Wilhelm

Tempelhof field, Berlin

Tempo
newspaper

Testament of Dr Mabuse, The
(film)

Thälmann, Ernst

theatre

thieves

Third Reich

origins

electoral success

massive political violence

unleashing of a ruthless and destructive war of conquest

‘unpolitical German’ concept

three phases of research

radical right’s enthusiasm for

and the Thule Society

links to the First and Second Reichs

thought

secularization of

freedom of

Thule Society

Thuringia

Thurn und Taxis, Gustav-Franz Prince von

Thyssen, Fritz

Tietjen, Heinz

Tietz department store chain

Tietz family

Tille, Alexander

Tiller Girls

time-and-motion studies

Tirpitz, Alfred von

Togoland

Toller, Ernst

Torgler, Ernst

Toscanini, Arturo

totalitarianism

trade unions

Treblinka concentration camp

Treitschke, Heinrich von

Trier, Bishop of

Trotsky, Leon

Tsarist Empire

Tucholsky, Kurt

UFA (
Universum-Film-Aktiengesellschaft
, Universal Film Company) film production company Uhu nightclub, Berlin

Ulbricht, Walter

Ullstein press empire

Ultramontane newspapers and magazines

Ultramontanism

‘un-German spirit’

unemployment

benefits

United Kingdom

war deaths

see also
Britain

United Nations

United States of America

Jewish emigration to

failure of railway investments

in First World War

and Young Plan

influence of

New York Stock Exchange crash (1929)

investment by

cuts its foreign lending

jazz

United States Steel

United Steelworks

universal manhood suffrage

universities

University of Naples

upper class

bourgeois values

in Russia

outrage and disbelief at Versailles terms

Nazi Party members

Upper Silesia

vagrants

van der Lubbe, Marinus

Vatican

antisemitism

Concordat with Mussolini’s Fascist regime (1929)

support of Dolfuss’ ‘clerico-fascist’ dictatorship

support of the Spanish Nationalists

and the Enabling Act

Concordat

Verdi, Giuseppe:
Rigoletto

Verdun, battle of

Vermeil, Edmond

Versailles: proclamation of the new German Empire (1871)

Versailles, Treaty of (1919)

terms of

restrictions on the army

Steel Helmets denounce

determination to overthrow its provisions

signatories

Nationalists’ demands

Weimar Republic blamed

national revision of

‘fulfilment’ policy

Hitler wants revision of

and Austro-German attempt at customs union

Hitler promises to fight it

security provisions of

veterans’ clubs

Vienna

Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra

Vienna Ring Theatre

Viennese Academy of Art

Viernstein, Theodor

violence

during inflation

in art and film

Röhm’s penchant for mindless violence

Hitler’s use of physical violence to further his ends

a way of life for Nazi activists

at the heart of the Nazi movement

celebration of brute physical force

statistics

severe at election times

sharp escalation of

people become inured to political violence

Virchow, Rudolf

Wäckerle, Hilmar

Wagener, Otto

wages

dispute in iron and steel industry

payment in kind

company spending

reduction

Wagner, Adolf

Wagner, Cosima

Wagner, Richard

epic music-dramas

a cultural antisemite

favours assimilation of Jews

increasingly racist

wants Jews excluded from German society

and Nietzsche

influences Hitler

The Twilight of the Gods

Judaism in Music

Parsifal

Ring
cycle

Tannhäuser

Wagner, Robert

Waldoff, Claire

Walter, Bruno

war disabled

War Ministry

War Office

war widows

Wartburg Festival

Wartburg, Thuringia

Waterloo, battle of (1815)

Weber, Helene

Weber, Max

Webern, Anton von

Wedding quarter, Berlin

Wedekind, Frank:
Spring’s Awakening
(play)