The Child Catchers: Rescue, Trafficking, and the New Gospel of Adoption (53 page)

It also benefited from several reports, including “Examining Intercountry Adoption after the Earthquake in Haiti,” by National Council for Adoption (October 2010); “Haiti: ‘Expediting’ Intercountry Adoptions in the Aftermath of a Natural Disaster . . . Preventing Future Harm,” by International Social Service (August 2010); “Inside the Thriving Industry of AIDS Orphan Tourism,” by the Human Sciences Research Council (2010); “Intercountry Adoptions in Emergencies: The Tsunami Orphans” by the Evan B. Donaldson Adoption Institute; “Protecting the Children of Haiti,” by the
New England Journal of Medicine
(March 2010); and “Rescued,” by Soledad O’Brien on CNN (2010).

I also relied on information from several books, including
Angels of a Lower Flight: One Woman’s Mission to Save a Country . . . One Child at a Time
, by Susie Scott Krabacher (2007);
Both Ends Burning: My Story of Adopting Three Children from Haiti
, by Craig Juntunen (2009); and
Travesty in Haiti: A True Account of Christian Missions, Orphanages, Fraud, Food Aid and Drug Trafficking
, by Timothy T. Schwartz (2009).

This chapter also is based on interviews with Pierre Alexis, Larissa Benz, Tom Benz, Susan Bissell, Eric Carr, Wendy Carr, Katya Chislova, Natasha Chyzch, Tom DiFilipo, Karin Dubinsky, Chuck Greever, Marley Greiner, Shelly Greko, Kim Harmon, Senator Amy Klobuchar, Susie Krabacher, the office of Senator Mary Landrieu, Jedd Medefind, Karen Moline, Russell Moore, Chris Rhatigan, Elizabeth Styffe, Pam Veazie as well as a conference call hosted by US Citizenship and Immigration Services and attendance at the Christian Alliance for Orphans Summit VI (2010), and Adopting for Life (2010).

Chapter 2: The Touchable Gospel

This chapter drew on news articles, websites, blog posts, or publications from ABBA Fund,
AFP
,
Afterhisownheart.com
, America World Adoption blog,
amyadoptee.com
,
Associated Baptist Press, Augusta Gazette, Baptist Press, Blade
, Blessings from Ethiopia,
chalkinscriptions.wordpress.com
, Christian Alliance for Orphans, the
Christian Broadcasting Network, Christian News Today, Christian Post, Christian Post Reporter, Christianity Today, Courier-Gazette, Courier-Journal
, Cry of the Orphan,
CNN, Examiner
, Fleas Biting, Focus on the Family,
Foreign Affairs
, Gifts from Afar, the
Globe and Mail, Huffington Post
,
Itsalmostnaptime.blogspot.com
,
knowingnotignoring.blogspot.com
, the
Los Angeles Times
, Lifesong for Orphans,
Merced Sun Star
, the
New York Times, OMG Music
, One Million Arrows,
Orlando Sentinel
, Orphan Care
Alliance,
OrphanSunday.org
, O Solo Mama,
ourlittletongginator.blogspot.com
,
Mothertheworld.com
,
Patheos, Philly Burbs
, Pound Pup Legacy, the
Progressive
,
rageagainsttheminivan.com
,
randybohlender.blogspot.com
, Reform Talk, The Southern Baptist Convention Resolution No. 2 (2009), The Schuster Center for Investigative Reporting, Scriptorium Daily,
Sudesca.org
, Teen Missions International, Together for Adoption,
Touchstone, Towers, Tuscaloosa News
, the
Wall Street Journal, Walton Tribune
,
welcomechildorphanministry.blogspot.com
,
Wearegraftedin.com
,
WCTV
, and the White House Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives.

It also benefited from several reports, including “Adoption Works Well: A Synthesis of the Literature,” by Family Research Council (2010), UNICEF meeting notes from session with US faith-based organizations; “A Few Impressions on Meeting the Harry Holt Plane, the ‘Flying Tiger,’ Which Arrived in Portland, Oregon, December 27, 1958,” International Social Service, American Branch Papers, in the Social Welfare History Archives, University of Minnesota (via the Adoption History Project at the University of Oregon); “The Innocenti Digest 4: Intercountry Adoption,” by UNICEF (1998); “Korean Adoption History,” by Tobias Hübinette, in
Guide to Korea for Overseas Adopted Koreans
, edited by Eleana Kim (2004); and “Of Orphans and Adoption, Parents and the Poor, Exploitation and Rescue: A Scriptural and Theological Critique of the Evangelical Christian Adoption and Orphan Care Movement,” by David Smolin (2012).

I also relied on information from several books, including
Adopted for Life: The Priority of Adoption for Christian Families and Churches
, by Russell Moore (2009);
Adoption as a Ministry, Adoption as a Blessing
, by Michelle Gardner (2003);
Bring My Sons from Afar
, by Bertha Holt (1986);
Created for God’s Glory
, by Bertha Holt (1982);
Fields of the Fatherless
, by Tom Davis (2008);
Kisses from Katie: A Story of Relentless Love and Redemption
, by Katie Davis with Beth Clark (2011);
One Million Arrows
, by Julie Ferwerda (2009);
Orphanology: Awakening to Gospel-Centered Adoption and Orphan Care
, by Tony Merida and Rick Morton (2011);
Orphan Trains: The Story of Charles Loring Brace and the Children He Saved and Failed
, by Stephen O’Connor (2001);
Reclaiming Adoption: Missional Living through Rediscovery of Abba Father
, edited by Dan Cruver (2011);
Seed from the East
, by Bertha Holt and David Wisner (1956);
Small Town, Big Miracle: How Love Came to the Least of These
, by Bishop W. C. Martin with John Fornof (2007);
The Spirit of Adoption
, by
Randy Bohlender (2003);
This Means War: Equipping Christian Families for Fostercare or Adoption
, by Cheryl Ellicott (2010); and
Too Small to Ignore: Why the Least of These Matters Most
, by Dr. Wess Stafford with Dean Merrill (2007).

This chapter also is based on interviews with Dan Cruver, Tom DiFilipo, Karin Dubinksy, Maureen Flatley, James Garrow, E. J. Graff, Niels Hoogeveen, Chuck Johnson, Kay Johnson, Gale Bernard Kenny, Eleana Kim, Jason Kovacs, office of Senator Mary Landrieu, Shari Levine, Becca McBride, Jedd Medefind, Karen Moline, Russell Moore, Paul Myhill, Jessica Pegis, Sarah Posner, Lisa Marie Rollins, Kelly Rosati, David Smolin, Kathleen Strottman, Brian Stuy, Elizabeth Styffe, Catherine Wagner as well as attendance at the Christian Alliance for Orphans Summits VI (2010) and VIII (2012) and Adopting for Life conference (2010).

Chapter 3: Suffering Is Part of the Plan

This chapter drew on news articles, websites, blog posts, or publications from
ABC News
, America World Adoption, the
Argus Leader, Atlanta Journal-Constitution, Associated Press, Beliefnet
, the
Boston Globe
, CareNet,
Chicago Sun-Times
, A Christian Perspective on Adoption,
Christian Post, Christianity Today, City Weekly
, Crisis Pregnancy Center Watch,
Daily News
, Decisions, Choices and Options,
Deseret Morning News
, Exiled Mothers, website of Glenn Grothman, Heritage Foundation,
Huffington Post, KOB Eyewitness News, LifeSiteNews, Mail Online, National Post, Orlando Weekly, People, PRWeb, RH Reality Check
, the
Salt Lake Tribune
,
Sendevelynhome.com
,
Slate, Sunday Times
, the
Village Voice
, the
Wall Street Journal
, the
Washington Post
, the
Washington Times, West Australian, Women’s ENews
, Youth with a Mission website, and YWAM Adoption Ministry.

It also benefited from several reports, including “The Adoption Option: Adoption Won’t Reduce Abortion but It Will Expand Women’s Choices,” by the Center for American Progress (2010); “America’s Orphan Crisis,” by Decisions, Choices and Options; “Research: Adoption Facts,” by the Evan B. Donaldson Adoption Institute; Baby Scoop Era Research Initiative selective documents; “Birthmother, Goodmother: Her Story of Heroic Redemption,” by the Family Research Council and the National Council for Adoption (2007); “Crisis Pregnancy Centers: An Affront to Choice,” by the National Abortion Federation (2006); “Crisis Pregnancy Centers Revealed,” by NARAL (2010); “How to Start and Operate your Own ProLife Outreach Crisis Pregnancy Center,” by Robert
Pearson (1969); “Missing Pieces: Adoption Counseling in Pregnancy Resource Centers,” by the Family Research Council (2000); “Of Orphans and Adoption, Parents and the Poor, Exploitation and Revenue: A Scriptural and Theological Critique of the Evangelical Christian Adoption and Orphan Care Movement,” by David Smolin in
Regent International Law Review
(2012); “Positive Adoption Language,” by the North American Council on Adoptable Children (2001); and “Post-Adoptive Reactions of the Relinquishing Mother: A Review,” in the
Journal of Obstetric, Gynecological and Neonatal Nursing
(1999).

I also relied on information from several books, including
Adoption Healing . . . A Path to Recovery
, by Joe Soll (2000, 2005);
Fallen Women, Problem Girls: Unmarried Mothers and the Professionalization of Social Work, 1980–1945
, by Regina G. Kunzel (1993);
The Girls Who Went Away: The Hidden History of Women Who Surrendered Children for Adoption in the Decades Before
Roe vs. Wade, by Ann Fessler (2006);
The Making of Pro-Life Activists: How Social Movement Mobilization Works
, by Ziad W. Munson (2008);
The 7 Laws of Magical Thinking
, by Matthew Hutson (2012);
Unmarried Mothers
, by Clark E. Vincent (1961);
Shattered Bonds: The Color of Child Welfare
, by Dorothy Roberts (2002);
The Stork Market: America’s Multi-Billion Dollar Unregulated Adoption Industry
, by Mirah Riben (2007);
Unlearning Adoption: A Guide to Family Preservation and Protection
, by Jessica DelBalzo (2007); and
Wake up Little Susie: Single Pregnancy and Race before Roe v. Wade
, by Rickie Solinger (1992, 2000).

This chapter also is based on interviews with Joan Aylor, Suz Bednarz, Flip Benham, Jess DelBalzo, Grayson Dempsey, Karen Dubinsky, Carol Evans*, Kris Faasse Ann Fessler, Karen Fetrow, John Fredericks, Mari Gallion, Chamaine Hanson, Carol Jordan*, Shari Levine, Lifetime Foundation hotline staff, Corrinna Lohser, Angela Michael, Robin Marriott, Lauren Guy McAlpin, Anne Moody, Reanne Mosley, Cristina Page, Mirah Riben, Cathi Robinson, Evelyn Robinson, Vicki Saporta, Joe Soll, David Smolin, Jo Anne Swanson, Karen Wilson-Buterbaugh, Jim Wright, Sandy Young, one anonymous birthmother as well as attendance at an Adoption Crossroads meeting, a Birthmothers meeting, and the Christian Alliance for Orphans Summit VI (2010).

Chapter 4: Inside the Boom

This chapter drew on news articles, websites, blog posts, or publications from
ABC News
(Australia),
ABC News Foreign Correspondent
(Australia),
CBC
(Canada),
CBS News
, the
Christian Post, Christianity Today, Christian World Adoption blog, Daily Independent
(Nigeria),
Econlog, Foreign Policy
, the
Houston Chronicle
, Senator Mary Landrieu’s website, the
Los Angeles Times, Mission News Network
, the National Committee for Adoption, the
New York Times
, the
Progressive
, the Schuster Institute for Investigative Journalism,
Sendek
, the
Star-Ledger
, and
Voice of America.

It also benefited from several reports, including “Africa: The New Frontier for Intercountry Adoption,” by the African Child Policy Forum (2012); “The Aftermath of Abusive Adoption Practices in the Lives of Adoption Triad Members: Responding to Adoption Triad Members Victimized by Abusive Adoption Practices,” by David and Desiree Smolin (2012); “Briefing on Joint USCIS/State Adoption Site Visit to Ethiopia,” by US Citizenship and Immigration Services (2011); “Fly Away Children,” by Australian Broadcasting Corporation (2009); “From Guatemala to Ethiopia: Shifts in Intercountry Adoption Leaves Ethiopia Vulnerable for Child Sales and Other Unethical Practices,” by Karen Smith Rotabi in
Socmag
(2010); “Fruits of Ethiopia: Intercountry Adoption: The Rights of the Child or the ‘Harvesting’ of Children,” by Against Child Trafficking (2011); and notices from the US State Department.

I also relied on information from several books, including
Adoption as a Ministry, Adoption as a Blessing
, by Michelle Gardner (2003), and
Finding Fernanda: Two Mothers, One Child, And a Cross-Border Search for Truth
, by Erin Siegal (2011).

This chapter also is based on interviews or conversations with Asefa Tesfayem Aregay, Susan Bissell, Katie Bradford, Harry Bowers, Stephne Bowers, Nate Day, Allison Dilsworth, Arun Dohle, Karin Dubinsky, Abiy Ephrem, Maureen Flatley, Temesgen Gebraselassie, Yosef Girmai, Terri Hambruch, Mary Hatlevig, Jessie Hawkins, Peter Heinlein, Niels Hoogeveen, Ambassador Susan Jacobs, Mary Ann Jolley, Kelly*, Fanuel Kinfu, Children’s Issues officer Jill Larson, Aynelum Lemma, Tarikuwa Lemma, JoAnna Luks, Brian Luwis, Mehari Maru, Dina McQueen, Jedd Medefind, Barbara McGuire, Paul Myhill, Mary Nelson, Gina Pollock, Samuel*, Semayat*, Leslie Schiller, Erin Siegal, Karen Smith Rotabi, David Smolin, Abebe Tigabu, Lisa Veleff Day, Maxine Walton, Doug Webb, Rachel Wegner, Agitu Wodajo, Anna Wright, four anonymous adoptive mothers in the United States and one anonymous adoptive mother living outside of the United States, one anonymous US official, US Embassy officials in Ethiopia, one anonymous former Ethiopian adoption worker,
and two State Department conference call/meetings regarding adoptions from Ethiopia.

Chapter 5: A Little War

This chapter drew on news articles, websites, blog posts, or publications from
Above Rubies
, Acres of Hope, Addy’s Hope blog, All Blessings International, the
Analyst, BBC, CBC Canada
, Childmyths, Christian Alliance for Orphans blog,
Charlotte Observer
, the
Charlotte World, Chicago Tribune
, Covenant Life Christian Fellowship, the
Free Lance-Star
,
Hopebelieveobey.com
, the
Lawrence Journal-World
, the
Liberian Journal, Liberian Observer
, the
Los Angeles Times
, the
New York Times
, No Greater Joy Ministries,
Nugget News
, the
Oklahoman, O Magazine
, O Solo Mama, Pound Pup Legacy,
Reuters, SC Times,
ShowHope.org
, Spirit Liberia, the
Star Tribune
,
Stepsestablishedbyhim.blogspot.com
,
Tribune Business News, USA Today
, the
Voice of Russia
, WACSN blog, and the Yahoo Adopting from Liberia group.