The Boy Who Was Raised as a Dog (38 page)

39
pattern of drug use is different
: Kleven, M., Perry, B. D., Woolverton, W., & Seiden, L. (1990). Effects of repeated injections of cocaine on D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in rat brain.
Brain Research, 532
, 265-270; Farfel, G., Kleven, M. S., Woolverton, W. L., Seiden, L. S., & Perry, B. D. (1992). Effects of repeated injections of cocaine on catecholamine receptor binding sites, dopamine transporter binding sites and behavior in Rhesus monkeys.
Brain Res, 578
, 235-243.

58
violated to those of hunted animals
: Breault, M. & King, M. (1993).
Inside the cult: a member's chilling, exclusive account of madness and depravity in David Koresh's compound
. New York: Signet Nonfiction.

71
post-traumatic stress disorder following such “treatment.”
: Rose, S., Bisson, J., Churchill, R., & Wessely, S. (2002). Psychological debriefing for preventing post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
, 2.

76
in response to the event itself
: Perry, B. D., Pollard, R., Blakely, T., Baker, W., & Vigilante, D. (1995). Childhood trauma, the neurobiology of adaptation and ‘use-dependent' development of the brain: How “states” become “traits.'”
Infant Mental Health Journal
,
16(4)
, 271-291.

86
sight and depth perception is lost
: Hubel D. H. and Wiesel, T. N. (1959, October). Receptive fields of single neurons in the cat's striate cortex.
Journal of Physiology, 148
, 574-591.

86
speak or understand speech normally
: Rymer, R. (1994).
Genie: a scientific tragedy
. New York: Harper Paperbacks.

86
language he does learn with an accent
: Pinker, S. (2000).
The language instinct: how the mind creates language
(pp. 295-296). New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics.

88
by age two—an extraordinarily high death rate
: Iwaniec, D. (2004).
Children who fail to thrive: a practice guide
. Chichester, UK: Wiley.

92
reduced levels of growth hormone
: Stanhope, R., Wilks, Z., Hamill, G. (1994, November-December). Failure to grow: lack of food or lack of love?
Professional Care of the Mother and Child
,
4(8)
, 234-7; Albanese, A., Hamill, G., Jones, J., Skuse, D., Matthews, D. R., Stanhope, R. (1994, May). Reversibility of physiological growth hormone secretion in children with psychosocial dwarfism.
Clinical Endocrinology, (Oxf)
,
40(5)
, 687-692.

104
often seen in abused or traumatized children
: Perry, B. D. (1999). Memories of fear: How the brain stores and retrieves physiologic states, feelings, behaviors and thoughts
from traumatic events. In J. M. Goodwin and R. Attias (Eds.),
Splintered reflections: images of the body in trauma
(pp. 26-47). New York: Basic Books; Perry, B. D. (2001). The neurodevelopmental impact of violence in childhood. In D. Schetky & E. P. Benedek (Eds.),
Textbook of Child and Adolescent Forensic Psychiatry
(pp. 221-238). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press.

105
proportion rises to over 35 percent
: Yeudall, L. T. (1977). Neuropsychological assessment of forensic disorder.
Canada's Mental Health, 25
, 7-15; Gillen, R. & Hesselbrock, V. (1992, April). Cognitive functioning, ASP, and family history of alcoholism in young men at risk for alcoholism.
Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 16(2)
, 206.

114
tends to escalate bad behavior
: Dishion, T. J.; McCord, J., & Poulin, F. (1999). When interventions harm: Peer groups and problem behavior.
American Psychologist, 54(9)
, 755-764; Poulin, F.; Dishion, T. J. & Burraston, B. (2001). 3-year iatrogenic effects associated with aggregating high-risk adolescents in cognitive-behavioral preventive interventions.
Applied Development Science, 5(4)
, 214-224.

116
frontal cortex, just over the eyes
: Frith, U. (1998). What autism teaches us about communication.
Logopedics, Phoniatrics Vocology, 23
, 51-58.

117
(which can be measured in a saliva test)
: Susman, E. J. (2006). Psychobiology of persistent antisocial behavior: stress, early vulnerabilities and the attenuation hypothesis.
Neuroscience Biobehavior Review, 30(3)
, 376-89. Loney, B. R., Butler, M. A., Lima, E. N., Counts, C. A., & Eckel, L. A. (2006, January). The relation between salivary cortisol, callous-unemotional traits, and conduct problems in an adolescent non-referred sample.
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines
,
47(1)
, 30-36. van Bokhoven, I., Van Goozen, S. H., van Engeland, H., Schaal, B., Arseneault, L., Seguin, J. R., Nagin, D. S., Vitaro, F., & Tremblay, R. E. (2005, August). Salivary cortisol and aggression in a population-based longitudinal study of adolescent males.
Journal of Neural Transmission
,
112(8)
, 1083-1096.

117
anything except extreme stimulation
: Unis, A. S., Cook, E. H., Vincent, J. G., Gjerde, D. K., Perry, B. D., & Mitchell, J. (1997). Peripheral serotonergic measures correlate with aggression and impulsivity in juvenile offenders.
Biological Psychiatry, (42)7
, 553-560; Perry, B. D. (1997). Incubated in terror: Neurodevelopmental factors in the ‘cycle of violence.' In J. Osofsky (Ed.),
Children in a violent society
(pp. 124-148). New York: Guilford Press.

122
by the time they reach the pros
: Dubner, S. J. and Levitt, S. D. (2006, May 7). A star is made.
New York Times Magazine
.

125
services for maltreated and traumatized children
: Perry, B. D. (2001). The neuroarcheology of childhood maltreatment: the neurodevelopmental costs of adverse childhood events. In K. Franey, R. Geffner, & R. Falconer (Eds.),
The Cost of Maltreatment: Who Pays? We All Do
(pp. 15-37). San Diego, CA: Family Violence and Sexual Assault Institute;
Perry, B. D. (2006). Applying principles of neuroscience to clinical work with traumatized and maltreated children: the neurosequential model of therapeutics. In N. B. Webb (Ed.),
Working with traumatized youth in child welfare
(pp. 27-52). New York: The Guilford Press.

125
neglect far, far worse than what had been done to Leon
: Research supporting treatment used in neurosequential approach: Jones, N. A. & Field, T. (1999, Fall). Massage and music therapies attenuate frontal EEG asymmetry in depressed adolescents.
Adolescence
,
34(135)
, 529-534; Field, T. (1998, March-April). Maternal depression effects on infants and early interventions.
Preventive Medicine
,
27(2)
, 200-203; Diego, M. A., Field, T., Hart, S., Hernandez-Reif, M., Jones, N., Cullen, C., Schanberg, S., & Kuhn, C. (2002). Facial expressions and EEG in infants of intrusive and withdrawn mothers with depressive symptoms.
Depress Anxiety
,
15(1)
, 10-17; Field, T., Martinez, A., Nawrocki, T., Pickens, J., Fox, N. A., Schanberg, S. (1998, Spring). Music shifts frontal EEG in depressed adolescents.
Adolescence, 33(129)
, 109-116; Khilnani, S., Field, T., Hernandez-Reif, M., & Schanberg, S. (2003, Winter). Massage therapy improves mood and behavior of students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Adolescence, 38(152)
, 623-638.

129
visibly smaller head sizes and tinier brains
: Perry, B. D. (2002). Childhood experience and the expression of genetic potential: what childhood neglect tells us about nature and nurture.
Brain and Mind, 3
, 79-100; Johnson, R., Browne, K., & Hamilton-Giachritsis, C. (2006, January). Young children in institutional care at risk of harm.
Trauma Violence Abuse, (1)
, 34-60; Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Bremner, J. D., Walker, J. D., Whitfield, C. H., Perry, B. D., Dube, S. R., & Giles, W. H. (2006, Apr). The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood: A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology.
European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience
,
256(3)
, 174-186. Epub 2005, November 29. Additional background on effects of neglect: Smith, M. G. & Fong, R. (2004).
The children of neglect: when no one cares.
New York: Brunner-Routledge.

140
compared to sight, smell, taste and hearing
: Weiss, S. J. (2005). Haptic perception and the psychosocial functioning of preterm, low birth weight infants.
Infant Behavior and Development, 28
, 329-359.

140
almost a week earlier on average
: Field, T. (2002, December). Preterm infant massage therapy studies: an American approach.
Seminars in Neonatology, 7(6)
, 487-494.

140
stress hormones released by the brain
: Field, T., Hernandez-Reif, M., Diego, M., Schanberg, S., Kuhn, C. (2005, October). Cortisol decreases and serotonin and dopamine increase following massage therapy.
International Journal of Neuroscience, 115(10)
, 1397-1413.

141
escalate the parents' commitment to therapy
: Cullen-Powell, L. A., Barlow, J. H., Cushway, D. (2005, December). Exploring a massage intervention for parents and their children with autism: the implications for bonding and attachment.
Journal of Child Health Care, 9(4)
, 245-255.

144
important role in infant development
: Mithen, S. (2005).
The singing neanderthals: the origins of music, language, mind and body
. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson.

151
genetics and intrauterine environment is one
: Cowen, E. L., Wyman, P. A., & Work, W. C. (1996, Winter). Resilience in highly stressed urban children: concepts and findings.
Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine,
73(2), 267-284.

151
Intelligence is another critical factor
: Masten, A. S., Hubbard, J. J., Gest, S. D., Tellegen, A., Garmezy, N., & Ramirez, M. (1999, Winter). Competence in the context of adversity: pathways to resilience and maladaptation from childhood to late adolescence.
Development and Psychopathology, 11(1)
, 143-169.

156
seeing someone possessed by a demon
: Elizabeth Loftus, award for distinguished scientific applications of psychology. (2003, November).
American Psychologist, 58(11)
, 864-867; Loftus, E. F. (2005, July-August). Planting misinformation in the human mind: a 30-year investigation of the malleability of memory.
Learning and Memory,
12(4), 361-366. Epub 2005, July 18.

157
until the back of his head “was mushy.”
: Loe, V. (1993, December 3). Satanic Cult Scare Takes Massive Human Toll on Texas Town.
Dallas Morning News
.

159
one in four adult residents cannot read
: Wade, R. M. (1999). When Satan Came to Texas.
The Skeptic,
7(4).

162
events they recall are literally true
: Loftus, E. (2003, November). Make believe memories.
American Psychologist
; Pendergrast, M. (1996).
Victims of Memory: Sex Abuse Accusations and Shattered Lives
. Vermont: Upper Access Books; Ofshe, R. J. (1992, July). Inadvertent hypnosis during interrogation: false confession due to dissociative state; mis-identified multiple personality and the Satanic cult hypothesis.
International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 40(3)
, 125-156. Ofshe, R. and Watters, E. (1996).
Making Monsters: False Memories, Psychotherapy and Sexual Hysteria
. Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press.

163
deaths associated with their “therapy.”
: Bowers, K. (2000, July 27). Suffer the children.
Westword (New Times)
.

164
the devil would get us.
: Wade, R. M. (1999). When Satan came to Texas.
The Skeptic, 7(4)
.

166
ruminating on past negative events
: Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Morrow, J., Fredrickson, B. L. (1993, February). Response styles and the duration of episodes of depressed mood.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102(1)
, 20-28; Lyubomirsky, S. & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1993, August). Self-perpetuating properties of dysphoric rumination.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(2)
, 339-349.

170
financially and in every other way
: Vaughn, V. (1995, February). Witch hunt.
North Texas Skeptic
.

182
sense of distance from one's troubles
: Perry, B. D. (1994). Neurobiological sequelae of childhood trauma: Post traumatic stress disorders in children. In M. Murburg (Ed.),
Catecholamine function in post traumatic stress disorder: emerging concepts
(pp. 253-276). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press.

182
known as endorphins and enkephalins
: van der Kolk, B., Greenberg, M., Boyd, H., & Krystal, J. (1985, March). Inescapable shock, neurotransmitters, and addiction to trauma: toward a psychobiology of post traumatic stress.
Biological Psychiatry, 20(3)
, 314-325.

189
becoming a Goth didn't increase self-harm
: Young, R., Sweeting, H., & West, P. (2006, April 13). Prevalence of deliberate self harm and attempted suicide within contemporary Goth youth subculture: longitudinal cohort study.
British Medical Journal
.

189
Research on addicts and alcoholics
: Felitti, V. J. (2003, October). The origins of addiction: evidence from the adverse childhood experiences study.
Prax Kinderpsychology and Kinderpsychiatry, 52(8)
, 547-559; Dube, S. R., Felitti, V. J., Dong, M., Chapman, D. P., Giles, W. H., & Anda, R. F. (2003, March). Childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction and the risk of illicit drug use: the adverse childhood experiences study.
Pediatrics, 111(3)
, 564-572; Clark, H. W., Masson, C. L., Delucchi, K. L., Hall, S. M., & Sees, K. L. (2001, March). Violent traumatic events and drug abuse severity.
Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 20(2)
, 121-127.