The Battle of White Sulphur Springs (27 page)

382
.
Richmond Daily Dispatch
, September 3, 1863.

383
. Ibid., September 4, 1863.

C
HAPTER
7

384
. Mathers, “The War in West Virginia.”

385
.
OR
, vol. 29, part 1, 50–51.

386
. Ibid.

387
. Carpenter to his sister, September 4, 1863, Carpenter letters.

388
. For a detailed biographical sketch of Colonel Corns, see Dickinson,
Wayne County, West Virginia
, 14. Corns was captured in March 1863 and was released from his parole by exchange on June 10, 1863. Ibid.

389
.
OR
, vol. 29, part 1, 57.

390
. Ibid., 37.

391
. Ibid., 57.

392
. Ibid., 51.

393
. Mathers, “The War in West Virginia.”

394
. West,
Remember Me
, 231.

395
. Reader,
Fifth West Virginia Cavalry
, 206.

396
.
OR
, vol. 29, part 1, 51.

397
. Thomas M. Harris to William Rumsey, August 28, 1863, William Woods Averell Papers, Honnold/Mudd Library, Claremont College, Claremont, California.

398
. Mathers, “The War in West Virginia.”

399
.
OR
, vol. 29, part 1, 37.

400
. Mathers, “The War in West Virginia.”

401
. Ronk diary, entry for August 31, 1863.

402
.
OR
, vol. 29, part 1, 43.

403
. Ibid., 52.

404
. Ibid., 57.

405
. Ibid., 51–52.

406
. Ibid., part 2, 680.

407
. Ibid. The threat posed by Longstreet's advance on Knoxville was so severe that Robert E. Lee had to detach Lieutenant General James Longstreet and his First Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia to contend with it. While there is no monograph dedicated to the Knoxville Campaign, for the most detailed analysis of it yet published, see Woodworth,
Six Armies in Tennessee
.

408
. Slease,
14
^th
Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry
, 93.

409
. Mathers, “The War in West Virginia.”

410
.
OR
, vol. 29, part 1, 50.

411
. West,
Remember Me, 231
.

412
.
OR
, vol. 29, part 1, 37.

413
. Oley to Trowbridge, September 1, 1863.

414
.
OR
, vol. 29, part 1, 44.

415
. Jones, “Holding Burnside in Check,” 433.

416
. Slease,
14
^th
Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry
, 93.

417
.
OR
, vol. 29, part 1, 37. During the raid, the Fourth Separate Brigade passed through six West Virginia counties: Randolph, Hardy, Pendleton, Highland, Pocahontas and Greenbrier.

C
HAPTER
8

418
. Slease,
14
^th
Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry
, 94.

419
. Mathers, “The War in West Virginia.”

420
. Lyda, “Gen. Averill's Brigade.”

421
. Slease,
14
^th
Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry
, 94.

422
. Edgar, “The Battle of White Sulphur Springs,” 1.

423
.
OR
, vol. 29, part 1, 41.

424
. Ibid., 56. Patton's numbers do not include any losses sustained in the command of Mudwall Jackson.

425
. Slease,
14
^th
Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry
, 106.

426
. Johnston,
Captain Beirne Chapman
, 15.

427
.
OR
, vol. 29, part 1, 64.

428
. Ibid., 58.

429
.
Abingdon Virginian
, September 11, 1863.

430
. Fielding R. Cornett to Rosamond Hale, September 5, 1863, Fielding Raphne Cornett Papers, Special Collections, Alderman Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.

431
.
OR
, vol. 29, part 1, 63.

432
. Davis and Hoffman,
Confederate General
, 2:93.

433
. Quoted in Krick, “The Confederate Pattons,” in Gallagher,
Shenandoah Valley Campaign
, 358.

434
. Patton,
The Pattons
, 55. It is believed that Patton's promotion to brigadier general was finally approved by the Confederate senate just before the September 1864 Third Battle of Winchester, but the commission did not reach his brigade until shortly after his death.

435
. Patton to Tompkins, September 27, 1863.

436
. Rosecrans had won the early campaigns in West Virginia involving the Kanawha Division in 1861–62, which led to his promotion to army command. Obviously, the fall of Chattanooga and the subsequent Chickamauga Campaign stray far beyond the boundaries of this study. For the best study of the campaign yet published, see Cozzens,
This Terrible Sound
.

437
. Jones, “Holding Burnside in Check,” 430.

438
.
OR
, vol. 29, part 2, 709.

439
. McNeel, “The Imboden Raid and Its Effects,” 303.

440
. A November 1863
New York Times
article openly mocked Mudwall Jackson. “He got his title ‘Mudwall' from the fact that in all his fights in East Tennessee he ensconced himself in a muddy ditch—the ‘last ditch,' we should surmise.” It does not appear that the Federals ever gave Jackson much respect after his humiliation at the hands of William Woods Averell in August 1863.
New York Times
, “The Defeat of Mudwall Jackson,” November 22, 1863.

441
. Mathers, “The War in West Virginia.”

442
. Lang,
Loyal West Virginia
, 109.

443
. Arbogast, “The Battle of Dry Creek,” 8. After the end of the Civil War, this law library was, indeed, relocated to Charleston, West Virginia, where it served as the nucleus of the law library for the Supreme Court of West Virginia. Ibid.

444
. For an excellent detailed monograph on the Battle of Droop Mountain, see Lowry,
Last Sleep
.

445
. Patton,
The Pattons
, 54–55.

446
. For the only detailed monograph on the Salem Raid, see Collins,
Averell's Salem Raid
, 102.

447
. Slease,
14
^th
Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry
, 194.

448
. Taylor,
James E. Taylor Sketchbook
, 458.

A
PPENDIX
B

449
. Dominik Freiherr von König, “The Family von König.”

450
. Ibid.

451
. Ibid.

452
. Dominik Freiherr von König to the author, October 25, 2010.

453
. Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von König, “Reminiscences of My Life,” von König Collection.

454
. Ibid.

455
. A detailed description of the Second Opium War strays far beyond the scope of this study. The Second Opium War—also known as the Arrow War, for the ship that was sunk to trigger the conflict—pit the British Empire and the Second French Empire against the Chinese Qing Dynasty and was fought over the legalization of the opium trade, expanding coolie trade, opening all of China to British merchants and exempting foreign imports from internal transit duties. For more about the Second Opium War, see Wong,
Deadly Dreams
.

456
. New York Civil War Muster Roll Abstracts, Archive Collection #13775-83, Box #271, Roll # 1143-1144, New York State Library and Archives, Cultural Education Center, Albany, New York. For more on the Argentine civil war of 1861, see Levene,
A History of Argentina
.

457
. Slease,
14
^th
Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry
, 106.

458
. Williams,
Wild Life of the Army
, 150.

459
. Ibid.

460
. Colonel Betge was thirty-seven and had been a stationer and bookseller before the war. He was from Württemberg, Germany. Betge was discharged for disability from rheumatism and “great nervousness” on August 6, 1862. See Hunt,
Colonels in Blue
, 44. In 1864, Prince Felix zu Salm-Salm, a member of the Prussian royal family, assumed command of the 68
^th
New York.

461
. Phisterer,
New York in the War of the Rebellion
, 5:2673.

462
. Paul von König service records, RG 94, Consolidated Service Records for the 68
^th
New York Volunteer Infantry, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.

463
. Slease,
14
^th
Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry
, 228.

464
. von König, “Reminiscences of My Life.”

465
. Williams,
Wild Life of the Army
, 153.

466
. Ibid., 151.

467
. Paul von König service records.

468
. Williams,
Wild Life of the Army
, 150–51.

469
. von König, “Reminiscences of My Life.” The original manuscript suggests that Paul met the daughter of John Hay and his daughter, but Hay was only twenty-four years old in the fall of 1862 and was unmarried. The manuscript does indicate that Paul met the secretary of the treasury, Chase, who had a beautiful daughter named Kate, who was married to Governor William Sprague of Rhode Island. The manuscript claims that Paul became engaged to the young woman he met, but there is no corroboration, and Kate Chase was already married.

470
. New York Civil War Muster Roll Abstracts, entry for Robert von König.

471
.
Annual Report, 27:1222
. According to the current Baron von König, Robert married for the second time in Germany in 1881, and he died in Berlin in December 1816. Dominik Freiherr von König to the author, April 27, 2011.

472
. Paul von König service records.

473
. Slease,
14
^th
Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry
, 228.

474
. Giunta,
Civil War Soldier of Christ and Country
, 192.

475
.
OR
, vol. 29, part 1, 37.

476
. Slease,
14
^th
Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry
, 229.

477
. Ibid., 230.

478
. Götz von König served in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 and was the first Kommandeur der 3, Landwehr-Division, and from 1916, was the Führer des Landwehrkorps, fighting in close connection with the Austrian-Hungarian army against the Russian army in the region that is today Belarus. He was awarded the Blue Max, Imperial Germany's highest military honor, on July 23, 1915. Dominik Freiherr von König to the author, April 26, 2011. Götz von König was the last of this renowned military family to serve in the German military. His son, Leo Freiherr von König (1871–1944), became widely known as an artist and especially as a portraitist—a surprising profession in a family where some members still cultivate the soil in the region of Brunswick, which is now in the state of Lower Saxony. Leo Freiherr von König was also a vocal opponent of the Nazi regime.

479
. Slease,
14
^th
Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry
, 230.

480
. Ibid., 106.

481
. Ibid., 230–31.

Bibliography

P
RIMARY
S
OURCES

Newspapers

Abingdon Virginian

Charleston Daily Mail

Charleston Mercury

Cincinnati Gazette

Daily National Republican

Fayette Tribune

Greenbrier Independent

Huntington Advertiser

Ironton Register

Lynchburg Republican

Monroe Watchman
[Union, West Virginia]

National Intelligencer

National Tribune

New York Daily Tribune

New York Times

Philadelphia Weekly Times

Pittsburgh Press

Pomeroy Leader

Richmond Daily Dispatch

Wheeling Intelligencer

Manuscript Materials

Averell, William Woods. Papers. New York State Library and Archives, Cultural Education Center, Albany, New York.

______. Papers. Special Collections, Honnold/Mudd Library, Claremont Colleges, Claremont, California.

Bates, Samuel P. Papers. Pennsylvania State Archives, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.

Carpenter, Henry C. Letters. Special Collections, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia.

Cornett, Fielding Raphne. Papers. Special Collections, Alderman Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.

Edgar, George M. Papers. “History of the Battle of White Sulphur Springs, Dry Creek or Rocky Gap, Aug. 26–27, 1863.” Unpublished ms., Folder 17. Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.

McChesney, James. Letter, September 4, 1863. H.E. Matheny Collection, Akron, Ohio.

McClung, James Steel. Memoirs. Terry Lowry Collection, Charleston, West Virginia.

Mestrezat, Charles Alexander. Letters. Special Collections, West Virginia and Regional History Collection, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.

National Archives and Records Administration. RG 94, Consolidated Service Records; RG 94, Pension Files; RG 393, Letters Received 1863–1865, Department of West Virginia, U.S. Army Continental Commands 1821–1920; William Woods Averell File, Letters Received by the Appointment, Commission, and Personnel Branch of the Adjutant General's Office, 1871–1894, M1395. Washington, D.C.