The Autistic Brain: Thinking Across the Spectrum (31 page)

[>]
“We expected some”:
http://plus.maths.org/content/troubled-minds-and-perfect-turbulence
.

[>]
Jackson Pollock: Jennifer Ouellette, “Pollock’s Fractals,”
Discover,
November 2001.

[>]
   FoldIt: Firas Khatib et al., “Crystal Structure of a Monomeric Retroviral Protease Solved by Protein Folding Game Players,”
Nature Structural and Molecular Biology
18 (2011): 1175–77.

[>]
   Magnus Carlsen: D. T. Max, “The Prince’s Gambit,”
New Yorker,
March 21, 2011.

[>]
José Raúl Capablanca: Philip E. Ross, “The Expert Mind,”
Scientific American,
August 2006.

[>]
   “We can’t help it”: Michael Shermer,
The Believing Brain:
From Ghosts and Gods to Politics and Conspiracies—How We Construct Beliefs and Reinforce Them as Truths
(New York: Times Books, 2011).

[>]
“ubiquity and appeal” Mario Livio,
The Golden Ratio: The Story of Phi, the World's Most Astonishing Number
(New York: Broadway Books, 2003).

[>]
   a college dropout: Neal Karlinsky and Meredith Frost, “Real ‘Beautiful Mind’: College Dropout Became Mathematical Genius After Mugging,”
ABCNews.com
, April 27, 2012,
http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/health/2012/04/27/real-beautiful-mind-accidental-genius-draws-complex-math-formulas-photos
.

[>]
a
New Scientist
article: “The Mathematics of Hallucination,”
New Scientist,
February 10, 1983.

[>]
   “People have been”:
http://thesciencenetwork.org/media/videos/52/Transcript.pdf
.

[>]
   a 2010 review article: Gerhard Werner, “Fractals in the Nervous System: Conceptual Implications for Theoretical Neuroscience,”
Frontiers in Physiology
1 (July 2010): 15, doi:10.3389/fphys.2010.00015.

[>]
come as no surprise:
http://releases.jhu.edu/2012/10/04/jhu-cosmologists-receive-new-frontiers-award-for-work-on-origami-universe/
.

[>]
the title of one paper: Maria Kozhevnikov et al., “Revising the Visualizer-Verbalizer Dimension: Evidence for Two Types of Visualizers,”
Cognition and Instruction
20, no. 1 (2002): 47–77.

[>]
   The title of another paper: Maria Kozhevnikov et al., “Spatial versus Object Visualizers: A New Characterization of Visual Cognitive Style,”
Memory and Cognition
33, no. 4 (2005): 710–26.

[>]
   Kozhevnikov said: Maria Kozhevnikov interview.

[>]
   researchers at a neuroimaging center: Angélique Mazard et al., “A PET Meta-Analysis of Object and Spatial Mental Imagery,”
European Journal of Cognitive Psychology
16, no. 5 (2004): 673–95.

[>]
   her original paper: Mary Hegarty and Maria Kozhevnikov, “Types of Visual-Spatial Representations and Mathematical Problem Solving,”
Journal of Educational Psychology
91, no. 4 (1999): 684–89.

[>]
   she published a paper: Kozhevnikov et al., “Spatial versus Object Visualizers.”

[>]
   a self-report questionnaire: O. Blajenkova et al., “Object-Spatial Imagery: A New Self-Report Imagery Questionnaire,”
Applied Cognitive Psychology
20 (2006): 239–63.

[>]
   an fMRI study: M. A. Motes et al., “Object-Processing Neural Efficiency Differentiates Object from Spatial Visualizers,”
NeuroReport
19, no. 17 (2008): 1727– 31.

[>]
   Kozhevnikov’s work: See, for example, Maria Kozhevnikov et al., “Trade-Off in Object versus Spatial Visualization Abilities: Restriction in the Development of Visual-Processing Resources,”
Psychonomic Bulletin and Review
17, no. 1 (2010): 29–35.

[>]
   is now widely accepted
:
G. Borst et al., “Understanding the Dorsal and Ventral Systems of the Human Cerebral Cortex: Beyond Dichotomies,”
American Psychologist
66, no. 7 (October 2011): 624–32.

8. From the Margins to the Mainstream

[>]
best-selling book: Malcolm Gladwell,
Outliers: The Story of Success
(Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 2008).

[>]
a 1993 study: K. Anders Ericsson et al., “The Role of Deliberate Practice in the Acquisition of Expert Performance,”
Psychological Review
100, no. 3 (1993): 363–406.

[>]
   Consider an article: Geoffrey Colvin, “What It Takes to Be Great,”
Fortune,
October 19, 2006.

[>]
a 2000 study: Eleanor A. Maguire et al. “Navigation-related structural change in the hippocampi of taxi drivers,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
97, no. 3 (April 2000): 4398–4400.

[>]
   developed a method: Sara Reardon, “Playing by Ear,”
Science
333 (September 2011): 1816–18.

[>]
   Check out the universities:
http://theweek.com/article/index/232522/virtual-princeton-a-guide-to-free-online-ivy-league-classes
.

[>]
   About fifty thousand people: Gareth Cook, “The Autism Advantage,”
New York Times,
December 2, 2012.

[>]
   see sidebar: Temple Grandin and Kate Duffy,
Developing Talents:
Careers for Individuals with Asperger’s Syndrome and High-Functioning Autism,
updated and expanded edition (Overland Park, KS: Autism Asperger Publishing Company, 2008).

[>]
   an interview with Steve Jobs: Brent Schlender, “Exclusive: New Wisdom from Steve Jobs on Technology, Hollywood, and How ‘Good Management Is Like the Beatles,’”
Fast Company,
May 2012.

[>]
   Aspiritech: Carla K. Johnson, “Startup Company Succeeds at Hiring Autistic Adults,” Associated Press, September 21, 2011,
http://news.yahoo.com/startup-company-succeeds-hiring-autistic-adults-162558148.html
.

[>]
   it expanded:
http://www.walgreens.com/topic/sr/distribution_centers.jsp
.

[>]
   “keep on knockin’”: Savino Nuccio D’Argento interview.

[>]
John Fienberg: John Fienberg interview.

I wish to acknowledge all the people who made this book possible. I first want to thank my editor, Andrea Schulz, and my agent, Betsy Lerner, who helped conceptualize the structure of the book. Richard Panek, my coauthor, has been fabulous to work with. He is a superb writer who captured my voice and assembled the structure of the book. Richard’s abilities in verbal and pattern thinking complemented my ability in visual thinking. We were different kinds of minds working together. His scientific knowledge was invaluable to the process. I also want to thank Tracy Roe, the copyeditor, who went beyond copyediting. She is also a medical doctor, and her input added greatly to the manuscript. Last, I wish to thank the scientists Walter Schneider, Nancy Minshew, Marlene Berhmann, and Ann Humphries at the University of Pittsburgh, Marcel Just at Carnegie Mellon, and Jason Cooperrider at the University of Utah, who did the work that made this book possible.

—Temple Grandin

In addition to the people whom Temple mentions, I would like to thank Henry Dunow, my agent, who teamed me with Temple; Virginia Hughes, whose advice on neuroimaging and genetics was invaluable; and Temple herself, an inspiring collaborator. I will miss our weekly brainstorming sessions.

—Richard Panek

“acting self,”
[>]
–
[>]
,
[>]

AGP.
See
Autism Genome Project (AGP)

American Psychiatric Association (APA),
[>]
,
[>]
,
[>]
,
[>]
–
[>]
.
See also
Diagnostic Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

AMMT.
See
auditory-motor mapping training (AMMT)

amygdalae,
[>]

autism and,
[>]
,
[>]

emotions and,
[>]
,
[>]
,
[>]

TG’s brain and,
[>]
–
[>]

Anderson, Jeffrey S.,
[>]
,
[>]

antidepressants

anxiety and,
[>]
,
[>]
,
[>]
–
[>]

link between autism and,
[>]
–
[>]

APA.
See
American Psychiatric Association (APA)

AQ (Autism-Spectrum Quotient) test,
[>]
–
[>]
,
[>]
–
[>]

art

object
vs.
spatial imagery and,
[>]
–
[>]

pattern thinking and,
[>]
–
[>]

ASD.
See
autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Asperger, Hans,
[>]

Asperger syndrome
(DSM
category),
[>]
,
[>]
,
[>]
–
[>]
,
[>]

employment and,
[>]
–
[>]
,
[>]

pattern thinking and,
[>]
–
[>]

Aspiritech (company),
[>]

associative thinking abilities,
[>]
–
[>]

attention-shifting problems,
[>]

atypical autism
(DSM
category),
[>]

auditory-motor mapping training (AMMT),
[>]
–
[>]

auditory-processing problems,
[>]
–
[>]

identification of,
[>]
–
[>]

TG and,
[>]
–
[>]

tips for people with,
[>]

autism, history of,
[>]
–
[>]
.
See also
autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

changing psychiatric diagnoses and,
[>]
–
[>]

focus on symptoms and,
[>]
–
[>]
,
[>]

phases in,
[>]
–
[>]

psychoanalytic approach and,
[>]
–
[>]

search for biological causes and,
[>]
,
[>]

autism, neuroanatomy of.
See also
genetics of autism; neuroimaging; strengths of autistic brain

asymmetries and,
[>]
–
[>]
,
[>]

behavioral heterogeneity and,
[>]

causal heterogeneity and,
[>]

developmental abnormalities and,
[>]

diagnosis and,
[>]
–
[>]

directions for research on,
[>]
–
[>]

research challenges and,
[>]
–
[>]

size and,
[>]
–
[>]
,
[>]

structural homogeneity and,
[>]
–
[>]

Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network,
[>]

Autism Center of Excellence (UCSD School of Medicine),
[>]

Autism Genome Project (AGP),
[>]
–
[>]
,
[>]

Autism Research Centre, Cambridge, England,
[>]
,
[>]
.
See also
AQ (Autism-Spectrum Quotient) test

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

as diagnosis,
[>]
,
[>]
,
[>]
–
[>]

impacts of
DSM-
[>]
changes and,
[>]
–
[>]

incidence of,
[>]
–
[>]
,
[>]

limitations of labels and,
[>]
–
[>]

“autistic behavior,”
[>]
–
[>]

automotive exhaust exposure,
[>]

babbling,
[>]

Barnett, Jacob,
[>]

Baron-Cohen, Simon,
[>]
,
[>]
–
[>]

Bauman, Margaret,
[>]

Be Different: Adventures of a Free-Range Aspergian
(Robison),
[>]
–
[>]

Bettelheim, Bruno,
[>]
,
[>]

biological motion,
[>]

blindness, and brain activity,
[>]
,
[>]
–
[>]

bottom-up thinking abilities,
[>]
–
[>]
.

brain anatomy,
[>]
–
[>]
,
[>]
.
See also
autism, neuroanatomy of

object
vs.
spatial imagery and,
[>]
–
[>]

brain trauma diagnosis.
See
high-definition fiber tracking (HDFT)

brat gene,
[>]

“broken-brain” studies,
[>]
–
[>]

Brooks, David,
[>]

Buffett, Warren,
[>]
–
[>]
,
[>]

Burns, Mr. (genetics professor),
[>]
–
[>]

Capablanca, José Raúl,
[>]

Carlock, Mr. (teacher),
[>]
,
[>]
,
[>]

Carlsen, Magnus,
[>]

Carly’s Voice: Breaking Through Autism
(Fleischman),
[>]
–
[>]