The 100 Most Influential Scientists of All Time

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T
HE
100 M
OST
I
NFLUENTIAL
SCIENTISTS
OF
A
LL
T
IME

T
HE
B
RITANNICA
G
UIDE TO THE
W
ORLD'S
M
OST
I
NFLUENTIAL
P
EOPLE

T
HE
100 M
OST
I
NFLUENTIAL
SCIENTISTS
OF
A
LL
T
IME

E
DITED BY
K
ARA
R
OGERS
, S
ENIOR
E
DITOR
, B
IOMEDICAL
S
CIENCES

Published in 2010 by Britannica Educational Publishing
(a trademark of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.)
in association with Rosen Educational Services, LLC

29 East 21st Street, New York, NY 10010.

Copyright © 2010 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica,
and the Thistle logo are registered trademarks of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. All
rights reserved.

Rosen Educational Services materials copyright © 2010 Rosen Educational Services, LLC.
All rights reserved.

Distributed exclusively by Rosen Educational Services.
For a listing of additional Britannica Educational Publishing titles, call toll free (800) 237-9932.

First Edition

Britannica Educational Publishing

Michael I. Levy: Executive Editor

Marilyn L. Barton: Senior Coordinator, Production Control

Steven Bosco: Director, Editorial Technologies

Lisa S. Braucher: Senior Producer and Data Editor

Yvette Charboneau: Senior Copy Editor

Kathy Nakamura: Manager, Media Acquisition

Kara Rogers: Senior Editor, Biomedical Sciences

Rosen Educational Services

Jeanne Nagle: Senior Editor

Nelson Sá: Art Director

Introduction by Kristi Lew

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

The 100 most influential scientists of all time/edited by Kara Rogers.—1st ed.

p. cm.—(The Britannica guide to the world's most influential people)

“In association with Britannica Educational Publishing, Rosen Educational Services.”

Includes index.

ISBN 978-1-61530-040-2 (eBook)

1. Science—Popular works. 2. Science—History—Popular works. 3. Scientists—

Biography—Popular works. I. Rogers, Kara. II. Title: One hundred influential scientists of all time.

Q162.A15 2010

509.2'2—dc22

2009026069

On the cover:
Discoveries such as Einstein's theory of relativity—shown in original
manuscript form—are hallmarks of the genius exhibited by the world's most influential
scientists.
Jon Levy/AFP/Getty Images

CONTENTS

Introduction

Asclepius

Hippocrates

Aristotle

Pliny the Elder

Ptolemy

Galen of Pergamum

Avicenna

Roger Bacon

Leonardo da Vinci

Nicolaus Copernicus

Paracelsus

Andreas Vesalius

Tycho Brahe

Giordano Bruno

Galileo

Johannes Kepler

William Harvey

Robert Boyle

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Robert Hooke

John Ray

Sir Isaac Newton

Carolus Linnaeus

Henry Cavendish

Joseph Priestley

Luigi Galvani

Sir William Herschel

Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier

Pierre-Simon Laplace

Edward Jenner

John Dalton

Georges Cuvier

Alexander von Humboldt

André-Marie Ampère

Amedeo Avogadro

Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac

Sir Humphry Davy

Jöns Jacob Berzelius

John James Audubon

Michael Faraday

Sir Charles Lyell

Louis Agassiz

Charles Darwin

Sir Francis Galton

Gregor Mendel

Louis Pasteur

Alfred Russel Wallace

William Thomson

Joseph Lister

James Clerk Maxwell

Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

A.A. Michelson

Robert Koch

Sigmund Freud

Max Planck

Nettie Maria Stevens

William Bateson

Pierre Curie

Marie Curie

Henrietta Swan Leavitt

Ernest Rutherford

Carl Jung

Albert Einstein

Alfred Lothar Wegener

Sir Alexander Fleming

Niels Bohr

Erwin Schrödinger

Selman Abraham Waksman

Edwin Powell Hubble

Linus Pauling

Enrico Fermi

Margaret Mead

Barbara McClintock

Leakey Family

George Gamow

J. Robert Oppenheimer

Hans Bethe

Maria Goeppert Mayer

Rachel Carson

Jacques-Yves Cousteau

Luis W. Alvarez

Alan M. Turing

Norman Ernest Borlaug

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