Terror in the Balkans (65 page)

and Mussolini, 94, 154, 216; attitude

diers’ behavior, 107–110, 133, 141, 170–171,

towards Chetniks, 158

207–214, 224.
See also
German counterin-

Hoepner, Erich, 69

surgency tactics

Hoffmann, Paul, 250; as commander of

Glaise von Horstenau, Edmund, attitude

717th Infantry Division, 117, 140, 325;

towards NDH 94–95, 217, 218; attitude

assumes command of 342d Infantry

towards Italians, 195; and 1942 NDH

Division, 135; attempts to deescalate

reforms, 199–201; and White opera-

342d’s brutality, 135–137, 143; biographi-

tions, 221

cal details, 137–138, 141–142, 286; post-

Governorate of Dalmatia, 77, 156

Yugoslavia career, 139–140; advocates

338
Index

ruthless counterinsurgency mea-

relations with Chetniks, 150, 155, 158,

sures, 140–141.
See also
German army

185, 193–196, 217, 218–219; fi ghting

(1939–1945), infantry divisions, 342d;

power, 154–155, 310; and counterinsur-

German army (1939–1945), infantry divi-

gency, 158, 168, 172–174, 178, 218–219,

sions, 717th

235, 237–238, 247, 310; withdrawal from

Honvéd, regiments: 70th Field Howitzer, 231

Zone III, 178–179, 213, 238; military col-

Hungary, 76, 78

lapse, 241.
See also
Ambrosio, Vittorio;

Roatta, Mario

Jews.
See
Anti-Semitism

Imperial German Army, 3, 9; social

composition of offi cer corps, 12, 13–14;

offi cer training, 15–16, 27; technical spe-

Jünger, Ernst, 33–34

cialization, 16–17; and pan-Germanism,

18; and anti-Semitism, 19, 49–51; and

anti-Slavism, 20; and Social Darwin-

Karl I, Emperor, 52–53

ism, 23, 33; and colonial warfare, 23–24;

Kasche, Siegfried, 95, 217

approach to counterinsurgency of,

Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slo-

24–26, 31–32; conservatism of, 27; and

venes.
See
Yugoslavia 1918–1941

anti-Catholicism, 31–32; and western

Kuntze, Walter, 159, 175, 201.
See also
Weh-

front 1914–1918, 32–34, 46; and eastern

rmacht Command South-East

front 1914–1918, 39, 41–43, 45, 46–47;

Kvaternik, Slavko, 200

and occupation policy 1914–1918, 45–46,

49; discipline, 46–47, 51–52; supply of,

47; attitude to Bolshevism, 48–49; 1918

League of Farmers, 149–150

defeat of, 51–52, 53–54

Lendle, Hubert, 251–252, 254

Imperial German Army, brigades: 52d

List, Wilhelm, 80; scepticism over coop-

Württemberg, 49

eration with Serbs, 98, 110, 121; alarm

Imperial German Army, corps: I Bavarian,

at Serbian national uprising, 99; sacks

34, 45, 46–47, 52; II Bavarian, 45, 46–47

Danckelmann, 120; steps down as Weh-

Imperial German Army, divisions: 1st

rmacht Commander South-East, 159.
See

Field Artillery, 83; 26th Infantry, 41;

also
Wehrmacht Command South-East

Bavarian Cavalry, 49

Living space, 62

Imperial German Army, regiments: 5th

Löhr, Alexander, 201–202, 217, 240.
See also

Bavarian Infantry, 161

Wehrmacht Command South-East

Italy, Austro-Hungarian view of, 22, 37–39;

Lontschar, Adalbert, 37, 42, 102, 107, 109

in Great War, 35–39, 47, 52–53, 55, 231,

Lüters, Rudolf, 200, 235.
See also
German

233–234; and interwar Austria, 61, 64;

army (1939–1945), regional commands:

invasion of Albania 1939, 72, 75; inva-

Croatia Command

sion of Greece 1940, 72; relations with

Luftwaffe, and war crimes, 3; bombing of

Ustasha and NDH, 74–75, 77–79, 94–95,

Belgrade, 76; and counterinsurgency

217–218; invasion and conquest of Yugo-

in Serbia, 104–105, 110, 114, 125, 129, 134;

slavia, 75–78; occupation of Yugoslavia,

and counterinsurgency in NDH, 163,

79–80, 93, 148, 156–157.
See
also
Italy,

175, 181, 219, 227 240

Second Army; Mussolini, Benito

Italy, air force, 154, 174, 219

Italy, Second Army, dealings with Parti-

Macěk, Vladko, 78

sans, 129, 195; relations with Germans,

Middle classes, German and Austrian,

146, 155, 172–173, 216–217, 234, 240–241;

prevalence within offi cer corps,

Index
339

12–14, 18, 63, 137, 252–253; moderation

relations with Germans, 156–157, 178,

amongst, 20; infl uence of militarism

199–201, 217–218, 238–241; exploitation

upon, 24; support for National Social-

by Axis, 156–157, 217–218, 241, 248; grow-

ism amongst, 63

ing instability within, 182–183, 185, 187,

Middle classes, Yugoslav, 91, 179

198–199, 212–213, 238–240; cooperation

Mihailovic´, Draza, founds MihailovicĆhet-

with Chetniks, 195; autumn 1942 reforms

nik movement, 89; limited control over

to, 199–200.
See also
NDH, air force;

Chetniks, 96, 151–153; attaches move-

NDH, army; Pavelic´, Ante; Ustasha

ment to Serbian national uprising, 110;

NDH, air force, 174, 219,

splits from Partisans, 143–145, 245–246;

NDH, army, in counterinsurgency opera-

support from British and Yugoslav

tions, 128, 162, 163–164, 167–168, 171–172,

government-in-exile, 144; approaches to

174, 176, 180–181, 183, 203–204, 207–208;

Axis, 145–146; position on ethnic cleans-

fi ghting power of, 156, 157–158, 191,

ing by Bosnian Chetniks, 151; political

204–205, 216, 238, 247; and autumn 1942

weakness and mistakes, 152–153; and

reforms, 199–200; mounting desertion

Dangic´, 158, 311; during White opera-

from, 205, 213, 240

tions, 219, 235; loss of Allied support,

Nedic´, Milan, appointed head of puppet

241.
See also
Chetniks (Bosnia), Chetniks

Serbian government, 77, 98; anti-Com-

(Mihailovic´ movement, Serbia)

munism and anti-Semitism of, 98, 123;

Moltke, Hellmuth von, 20–21, 28

relations with Germans, 98, 120, 121, 123,

Montenegro, 22; in Great War 29–30; in

172; relations with Mihailovic´ move-

World War II, 76, 93–94, 152, 183, 198

ment, 143, 145–146, 152.
See also
Serbia

Muslims, and pre-war Yugoslavia, 73,

Neidholt, Fritz, biographical details, 215,

148–149; in Serbia, 84; in Bosnia,

231, 234, 326; and troop discipline, 227–

148–149, 319; and Partisan movement,

228; ruthlessness in counterinsurgency,

150, 151, 169, 179, 198; Chetniks’ ethnic

231, 234, 251, 254.
See also
German army

cleansing of, 150–151, 155, 193–195, 197;

(1939–1945), infantry divisions, 369th

enmity with Bosnian Serbs, 150; in 718th

(Croatian)

Infantry Division’s jurisdiction, 162,

NOOs (people’s liberation committees), in

169, 172, 173, 185, 191, 193, 195, 197; rela-

Serbia, 91–92, 96; in NDH, 145, 152, 179,

tions with NDH, 193.
See
also
Muslim

199.
See also
Communists, Yugoslavia;

militias; Waffen-SS, divisions: 13th

Partisan movement, Yugoslavia

Mountain “Handschar”

Nuremberg Trials, 5

Muslim militias, 193, 195–196, 213

Mussolini, Benito, and pre-war relations

with Austria, 61, 64; and Axis invasion

OKH (Army High Command), 66, 84, 100,

of Balkans, 72; relationship with Ger-

135, 215

mans, 154, 172, 216–217.
See also
Italy;

OKW (Armed Forces High Command),

Italy, Second Army

66, 69, 99–100, 122, 158–159

MVAC (Anti-Communist Volunteer Mili-

Operations, counterinsurgency: Cer

tia), 155, 219

Mountains, 128–132; Drina-Sava, 128–

134; Krupanj, 128–130; Mihailovic´, 136;

Užice, 143–144, 145–146, 238–239; Ozren,

National community, 62

163–171; Prijedor, 164–171; South-East

National Socialist leadership principle, 10,

Croatia, 164–171, 174, 239; Trio I, 173–174,

221, 271

177; Trio II/Focˇa, 175, 177, 178; Fruska

NDH (Independent State of Croatia), for-

Mountains, 180, 197; Kozara, 180–181,

mation and ethnic composition of, 77–80;

182, 185, 187, 247; Zenica-Zavidovici,

340
Index

181–182; S, 183–184, 190; Jajce I, II and

Prisoners of war, treatment of, by Serbia

III, 202–214; White I, 219–224, 226–229,

1914–1918, 35–36; by Austria-Hungary

234–235, 239; White II, 219, 235; White

1914–1918, 38–39; by Bolsheviks

III (Black), 219, 240.

1917–1918, 48

Operations, general military: Barbarossa,

Propaganda (Yugoslavia, World War II),

69–70, 72, 75–76, 81, 89

Chetnik, 96, 153, 179, 192; Partisan, 96,

Order Police, 80, 251.
See also
Order

99, 176, 179–180, 198, 212, 225; German,

Police, units

98–99, 108, 110, 118, 122, 136–137, 161, 176,

Order Police, units: Reserve Police Bat-

182, 184–185, 225

talion 64, 80, 97, 101, 104, 125, 127

Red Army, 58, 69, 92, 152, 241–242

Pan-Germanism, 18–21

Reichswehr, 3, 12, 57–63

Partisan movement (Soviet Union),

Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 77, 94–95

246–248, 251–252

Roatta, Mario, 154, 172–173, 175, 178, 217.
See

Partisan movement (Yugoslavia), 4; forma-

also
Italy, Second Army

tion, composition, and organization in

Royal-Imperial Army, 9; social compo-

Serbia 1941, 88, 91–92, 96; and Serbian

sition of offi cer corps, 14–16; offi cer

national uprising, 96–98, 104–107, 110,

training, 15, 23; technical specializa-

120, 124–125; break with Chetniks and

tion, 15–16; and Pan-Germanism, 18;

defeat of uprising, 143–146; development

and anti-Semitism, 19, 50–51; and

in NDH to early 1942, 148–150; rivalry

anti-Slavism, 20–21; and anti-Serbism,

and confl ict with Bosnian Chetniks,

21–22; and Social Darwinism, 22–23;

150–154, 179–182, 191–194, 219, 235, 238;

conservatism within, 23; approach to

growing support and strength in NDH

counterinsurgency, 26, 29–31, 37, 48–49;

to mid-1943, 156, 160, 173, 192, 195, 198,

ethnic tolerance within, 15–16, 19, 21–22;

213, 216, 231, 237–240; and counterin-

and Serbian campaigns 1914–1915, 29–31,

surgency in NDH to mid-1943, 162–165,

34–36; discipline, 36, 46–47, 52–53;

169, 171–184, 191–213, 218–223, 229–231,

and occupation policy in Eastern and

235–240, 246–248; composition and

south-eastern Europe 1916–1918, 36–37,

organization in NDH to mid-1943, 172,

49; and Italian front 1915–1918, 37–39,

179–180, 197–199, 238, 240; dealings with

47; and eastern front 1914–1918, 39–45,

Axis, 195, 226; development of to 1944,

46; approach to Bolshevism, 48–49;

241–242.
See also
AVNOJ; Communists,

defeat and collapse 1918, 52–53; lack of

Yugoslavia; NOOs; Tito

technocratic tradition, 60

Paul, Prince, 74–75

Royal-Imperial Army, armies: Second

Pavelic´, Ante, appointed head of NDH

(Eastern Army), 139

government, 78; and Ustasha’s ethnic

Royal-Imperial Army, brigades: 11th Field

cleansing campaign, 94–95, 156, 237;

Artillery, 42, 47, 139

relations with Axis, 78, 94–95, 150, 156,

Royal-Imperial Army, corps: III, 42, 43, 46;

172, 199–200, 217–218, 238.
See also
NDH

X, 29; XVII, 42–43, 44–45; Szurmay, 44

Pavelicŕegime.
See
NDH

Royal Imperial Army, divisions: 11th Infantry,

Peasantry.
See
Agricultural workers

47; 43d Rifl e, 37, 42, 43; 57th Infantry, 42

(Yugoslavia)

Royal-Imperial Army, regiments: 11th

Peter II, King, 74–75, 77

Field Artillery, 231; 14th Infantry, 47;

Pfl ugbeil, Johann, 251

16th Field Artillery, 231; 24th Infantry,

Phleps, Artur, 328

44; 87th Infantry, 37, 40–41.
See also

Poland, 20, 45–46, 54, 66–68

Honvéd, regiments

Index
341

Russia (pre-1918), treatment of Jews in,

retreat from Serbia, 143, 146; movements

19, 32; and pre-1914 anti-Slavism, 20,

in NDH 1942, 149, 171, 177, 191, 197–198;

22; and Serbia, 21, 29; and eastern front

and sectarianism, 149, 152; and AVNOJ,

1914–1918, 39–45, 52.
See also
Russian

199; dealings with Germans, 226; and

Revolution

White operations, 228, 235.
See also

Russian Revolution, 10, 48–49, 54, 57, 233

Communists (Yugoslavia); Partisan

movement (Yugoslavia)

Tripartite Pact, 75

SA, 62, 63

Turner, Harald, 80, 95, 99

Schlieffen Plan, 29, 31

Schröder, Ludwig von, 80

Schuschnigg, Kurt, 64–65

Ukraine, German counter-insurgency in,

Secret Field Police, 80, 101

32, 48–49, 68, 107, 245, Austro-Hungar-

Serbia, pre-1914, 21–22; in Great War,