Terror in the Balkans (124 page)

2. Marko Attila Hoare, “Whose Is the Partisan Movement? Serbs, Croats and the Leg-

acy of a Shared Resistance,”
Journal of Slavic Military Studies
15, 4 (2002): 27–28; Hoare,
Genocide and Resistance in Hitler’s Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks

1941–1943,
242.

3. Hoare,
Genocide and Resistance in Hitler’s Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks
1941–1943
, 46.

4. Ibid., 47.

5. Ibid., 43–44.

6. Ibid. 53–62.

7. Ibid., 34–39.

8. Ibid., 98.

9. Hoare, “Whose Is the Partisan Movement? Serbs, Croats and the Legacy of a Shared

Resistance,” 26–28.

Notes to Pages 149–152
309

10. Hoare,
Genocide and Resistance in Hitler’s Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks
1941–1943
, 98.

11. Swain,
Tito: A Biography
, 42.

12. Tomislav Dulic´,
Utopias of Nation: Local Mass Killing in Bosnia and Herzegovina,
1941–42
(Uppsala: Uppsala University Library, 2005) 117.

13. On the collapse of Partisan–Chetnik cooperation in eastern Bosnia, see Hoare,

Genocide and Resistance in Hitler’s Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks 1941–

1943
, 119–126.

14. Dulic´,
Utopias of Nation: Local Mass Killing in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1941–42
, 117.

15. Matteo J. Milazzo,
The Chetni Movement and the Yugoslav Resistance
(Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), 50; Klaus Schmider, “Der jugoslawische Kriegsschauplatz,” in
Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg, Band

8. Die Ostfront, 1943/44: Der Krieg im Osten und an den Nebenfronten
, Karl-Heinz Frieser et al. (Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 2007), 1012; Mark Mazower,
Hitler’s Empire: Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe
(London: Allen Lane, 2008), 345.

16. Mark Wheeler, “Pariahs to Partisans to power: the Communist Party of Yugosla-

via,” in
Resistance and Revolution in Mediterranean Europe 1939–1948
, ed. Tony

Judt (London: Routledge, 1989), 561.

17. Hoare,
Genocide and Resistance in Hitler’s Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks
1941–1943
, 96–97; Tim Judah,
The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997), 98.

18. Milazzo,
The Chetni Movement and the Yugoslav Resistance
, 48–55.

19. Dulic´,
Utopias of Nation: Local Mass Killing in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1941–42
, 180–186.

20. Ibid., 120; Hoare,
Genocide and Resistance in Hitler’s Bosnia: The Partisans and the
Chetniks 1941–1943
, 142–162.

21. West,
Tito and the Rise and Fall of Yugoslavia
, 118; Dulic´,
Utopias of Nation: Local
Mass Killing in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1941–42
, 112.

22. Hoare,
Genocide and Resistance in Hitler’s Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks
1941–1943
, 176, 278.

23. Ibid., 170–171.

24. Melissa K. Bokovoy,
Peasants and Communists: Politics and Ideology in the Yugoslav
Countryside, 1941–1953
(Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1998), 11–14; Swain,
Tito: A Biography
, 41–43.

25. Bokovoy,
Peasants and Communists: Politics and Ideology in the Yugoslav Country-

side, 1941–1953
, 15–16; Hoare,
Genocide and Resistance in Hitler’s Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks 1941–1943
, 91; Swain,
Tito: A Biography
, 43–46.

26. Bokovoy,
Peasants and Communists: Politics and Ideology in the Yugoslav Country-

side, 1941–1953
, 15–17.

27. Swain,
Tito: A Biography
, 44.

28. Jozo Tomasevich,
War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks
(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1975), 183; Hoare,
Genocide and Resistance in

Hitler’s Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks 1941–1943
, 291–293.

310
Notes to Pages 153–156

29. Hoare,
Genocide and Resistance in Hitler’s Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks
1941–1943
, 309.

30. Stevan K. Pavlowitch,
Yugoslavia
(London: Ernest Bevin, 1971), 131; Tomasevich,
War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks
, 183.

31. Tomasevich,
War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks
, 169, 177, 188–195.

32. Ibid., 230.

33. Klaus Schmider,
Partisanenkrieg in Jugoslawien 1941–1944
(Hamburg: E. S. Mittler, 2002), 442–448.

34. In November 1941 the Croatian Foreign Ministry estimated that the Italians had two

hundred thousand troops stationed in Zones II and III. Jozo Tomasevich,
War and

Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration
(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001), 249.

35. Schmider,
Partisanenkrieg in Jugoslawien 1941–1944,
36.

36. MacGregor Knox,
Hitler’s Italian Allies: Royal Armed Forces, Fascist Regime, and
the War of 1940–1943
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 23–67; Richard L. Dinardo,
Germany and the Axis Powers: From Coalition to Collapse
(Law-

rence: University Press of Kansas, 2005), 28–36; Mazower,
Hitler’s Empire: Nazi

Rule in Occupied Europe
, 341. On German–Italian relations in the Balkans during

World War II, see also Jonathan Steinberg,
All or Nothing: The Axis and the Holo-

caust 1941–1943
(London: Routledge, 1990).

37. MFB4 56156, 250–1. 718. Inf.-Div. Gef. St., 1/23/42. Lagebericht, 1/23/42 abends;

RW 40–16; Luftwaffenverbindungsoffi zier, 1/23/42. Betr.: Einsatz der ital. Bomber.

Bombenangriff auf eigene Truppe bei Loznica.

38. BfZ, Sammlung Sterz. Lt. Peter Geissler, Kommando Höh. Kommando z b V LXV

Belgrad, 9/8/41.

39. Schmider,
Partisanenkrieg in Jugoslawien 1941–1944
, 590, 605.

40. Ibid., 343–345; Schmider, “Der jugoslawische Kriegsschauplatz,” 1075; Mazower,

Hitler’s Empire: Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe
, 349–353.

41. Schmider,
Partisanenkrieg in Jugoslawien 1941–1944
, 341, 346.

42. Tomasevich,
War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collabo-

ration
, 135.

43. Mazower,
Hitler’s Empire: Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe
, 349–353. For more detail on Italian policy in the NDH, see Tomasevich,
War and Revolution in Yugoslavia,

1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration
, 241–268; Schmider,
Partisanenkrieg in
Jugoslawien 1941–1944
, 343–350.

44. Milazzo,
The Chetni Movement and the Yugoslav Resistance
, 50.

45. Stevan K. Pavlowitch,
Hitler’s New Disorder: The Second World War in Yugoslavia
(London: Hurst, 2008), 135.

46. Djilas,
Wartime: With Tito and the Partisans
, 198.

47. Dulic´,
Utopias of Nation: Local Mass Killing in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1941–42
, 285–286; Hoare,
Genocide and Resistance in Hitler’s Bosnia: The Partisans and the

Chetniks 1941–1943
, 294.

Notes to Pages 156–161
311

48. On the build-up of Partisan support during 1942, see West,
Tito and the Rise and Fall
of Yugoslavia
, chaps. 7–9; Hoare,
Genocide and Resistance in Hitler’s Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks 1941–1943
, 174–192, 268–279; Swain,
Tito: A Biography
, 41–55.

49. On NDH-Italian-German relations and the state of the NDH economy, see Tomase-

vich,
War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration
, 241–294, 617–706. The brief account that follows is based on these sections.

50. For a highly critical study of Italian occupation policy in Axis Europe, see Davide Rodogno,
Fascism’s European Empire: Italian Occupation during the Second World

War
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).

51. Schmider,
Partisanenkrieg in Jugoslawien 1941–1944
, 200.

52. Tomasevich,
War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collabo-

ration,
355.

53. According to Jozo Tomasevich, information on the size of the Croatian armed forces

is “far from satisfactory.” The most reliable fi gures, from autumn 1943, give a total

of 262,326 men. Tomasevich,
War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupa-

tion and Collaboration,
423.

54. Ibid., 352–353.

55. The plural term for the Ustasha’s members.

56. Tomasevich,
War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collabo-

ration
, 424–434.

57. Schmider,
Partisanenkrieg in Jugoslawien 1941–1944
, 109–110.

58. Ibid., 257.

59. There is debate over the precise relationship between Mihailovicánd Dangic´, and

how far the two men’s agendas differed or converged. See Dulic´,
Utopias of Nation:

Local Mass Killing in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1941–42
, 189–192. On the “DangicÁffair,” see also Milazzo,
The Chetni Movement and the Yugoslav Resistance
, 62–73; Tomasevich,
War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks
, 160,

206–209; Schmider,
Partisanenkrieg in Jugoslawien 1941–1944
, 95–98, 104–105, 110, 114–117, 121, 125; Hoare,
Genocide and Resistance in Hitler’s Bosnia: The Partisans

and the Chetniks 1941–1943
, 111, 125, 154–156, 174.

60. Schmider,
Partisanenkrieg in Jugoslawien 1941–1944
, 135–136.

61. Ibid., 597.

62. Charles D. Melson, “German Counter-Insurgency Revisited,”
Journal of Slavic

Military Studies
24 (2011): 137–146.

63. Jonathan Gumz, “Wehrmacht Perceptions of Mass Violence in Croatia, 1941–1942,”

Historical Journal
44 (2001): 1030.

64. Gumz, “Wehrmacht Perceptions of Mass Violence in Croatia, 1941–1942.”

8. glimmers of sa nit y

1. Georg Tessin,
Verbände und Truppen der Deutschen Wehrmacht und Waffen-SS im

Zweiten Weltkrieg 1939–1945
(Osnabrück: Biblio Verlag, 1972–1997), 6: 272, 12:75–76,
312
Notes to Pages 161–165

188, 230, 254. An artillery section (
Artillerie-Abteilung
) was smaller than an artillery regiment, usually comprising two or three batteries. George F. Nafziger,
The German Order of Battle: Panzers and Artillery in World War II
(London: Greenhill,

1999), 361.

2. See Appendix A.

3. Tomislav Dulic´,
Utopias of Nation: Local Mass Killing in Bosnia and Herzegovina,
1941–42
(Uppsala: Uppsala University Library, 2005), 211–212.

4. Klaus Schmider,
Partisanenkrieg in Jugoslawien 1941–1944
(Hamburg: Verlag E. S.

Mittler GmbH, 2002), 110–112.

5. MFB4/56155, 28326/2, 982. 342. Inf.-Div. Ic, 1/10/42. Feindnachrichtenblatt Nr. 4/42

(Ostbosnien), p. 1.

6. MFB4/56155, 28326/2, 945–948. KG Serbien, 1/3/42. Kampf gegen Auftständische in

Kroatien.

7. MFB4/56155, 28326/2, 982. 342. Inf.-Div. Ic, 1/10/42. Feindnachrichtenblatt Nr. 4/42

(Ostbosnien).

8. Schmider,
Partisanenkrieg in Jugoslawien 1941–1944
, 109.

9. MFB4/18730, 28328/1, 677–680. KG Serbien, 1/3/42. Kampf gegen Aufständische,

pp. 1, 3.

10. MFB4/56155, 28326/2, 1030–1032. 718. Inf.-Div. Ia, 1/7/42. Operationsbefehl Nr. 2.

11. MFB4/56156, 28326/5, 624. 718. Inf.-Div. Ia, 1/25/42. Operationsbefehl Nr. 3, p. 1.

12. MFB4/56156, 28326/4, 359–361. 718. Inf.-Div. Ia, 1/28/42. Betr.: Unterkunftsver-

zeichnis. Anlage.

13. MFB4/56156, 28326/5, 612. Höheres Kdo LXV Ia, 1/25/42.

14. MFB4/56156, 28326/4, 425–432. Höheres Kdo LXV Ia, 2/19/42. Beurteilung und

Ergebnis des Ozren-Unternehmens, pp. 2, 6; MFB4/56156, 28326/5, 619–620. Höheres

Kommando z b V LXV Ia, 1/24/42. Befehl für die Säuberung des Ozren-Gebietes;

MFB4/56156, 28326/5, 624–628. 718. Inf.-Div. Ia, 1/25/42. Operationsbefehl Nr. 3.

15. MFB4/56156, 28326/4, 425–432. Höheres Kdo LXV Ia, 2/19/42. Beurteilung und

Ergebnis des Ozren-Unternehmens, pp. 1–2.

16. MFB4/56156, 28326/5, 973–975. 718. Inf.-Div. Ia, 2/13/42. Operationsbefehl Nr. 4; MFB4/56156, 28326/5, 982–983. 718. Inf.-Div. Ia, 2/20/42. Zu Operationsbefehl Nr. 4.

17. MFB4/18733, 33552/19, 821–822. Der deutsche General in Agram Ia, 2/12/42;

MFB4/56156, 28326/6, 1024–1025. Der deutsche General in Agram Ia, 2/22/42.

18. MFB4/56155, 28326/2, 1037. 718. Inf.-Div. Ia, 1/9/42. Kampfanweisung (zur Beleh-

rung der Truppe), p. 1; MFB4/72335, 15365/11, 358. Zu 342. Inf.-Div. Ia, op. Nr. 42

geh. vom 1/6/42, Anlage 2. Kampfanweisungen, p. 1.

19. MFB4/56155, 28326/2, 1037. 718. Inf.-Div. Ia, 1/9/42. Kampfanweisung (zur Beleh-

rung der Truppe), p. 2; MFB4/72335, 15365/11, 358. Zu 342. Inf.-Div. Ia, op. Nr. 42

geh. vom 1/6/42, Anlage 2. Kampfanweisungen, p. 2.

20. MFB4/56156, 28326/5, 630. Anlage 2 zur Nr. 718 ID 310/42 geheim vom 1/25/42.

Kampfanweisung (zur Belehrung der Truppe); MFB4/56156, 28326/5, 657. IR 750,

1/28/42. Regiments-Befehl für den Einsatz.

21. MFB4/56156, 28326/6, 982–983. 718. Inf.-Div. Ia, 2/20/42. Zu Operationsbefehl Nr.

4, p. 2.

Notes to Pages 165–169
313

22. MFB4/56156, 28326/6, 1097. Abt. Wutte, 3/7/42. Regimentsbefehl.

23. MFB4/56156, 28326/6, 1112. Divisionsveterinär, 4/3/42. Betr.: Beute im Einsatz