Taking Liberties: The War on Terror and the Erosion of American Democracy (42 page)

19
.  
See id.
at 2724 (majority);
id.
at 2735 (Breyer, J., dissenting).

20
.  18 U.S.C. § 2339(i).

21
.  
Humanitarian Law Project,
130 S. Ct. at 2727.

22
.  Transcript of Oral Argument,
Humanitarian Law Project, supra
n.14, at 47–48.
See also
United States v. Al-Arian, 308 F. Supp. 2d 1322, 1337 (M.D. Fla. 2004) (under the government’s broad interpretation, “a cab driver could be guilty for giving a ride to an FTO member to the UN”).

23
.  
See
Ahmed Yousef,
What Hamas Wants,
N.Y. TIMES,
June 20, 2007,
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/20/opinion/20yousef.html?__r=1
.

24
.  Brief for ACLU et al. as Amici Curiae Supporting Respondents/Cross-Petitioners at 14,
Humanitarian Law Project,
130 S. Ct. 2705,
http://www.aclu.org/files/assets/08-1498_and_09-89_tsac_The_Carter_Center.pdf
(“peace-making, conflict resolution, human rights advocacy, and the provision of aid to needy civilians sometimes requires direct engagement with groups and individuals that resort to or support violence, including some that are, have been, or might in the future be designated as FTOs”).

25
.  
Id
at 2.

26
.  Brief for Academic Researchers and the Citizen Media Law Project by the Brennan Ctr. for Justice as Amici Curiae Supporting Respondents/Cross-Petitioners
at 4, 14,
Humanitarian Law Project,
130 S. Ct. 2705 (Nos. 08–1498 & 09–89)
http://brennan.3cdn.net/17d1e217d2edf1043a__d3m6yfe19.pdf
.

27
.  Brief for Victims of the McCarthy Era as Amici Curiae Supporting Respondents/Cross-Petitioners,
Humanitarian Law Project,
130 S. Ct. 2705,
http://ccrjus-tice.org/files/HLP/Holder_v_HLP_McCarthy_Era_Victims_amicus_brief.pdf
.

28
.  Martin Scheinin, A/HRC/6/17/Add.3, Nov. 22, 2007, paras. 41, 47,
http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G07/149/55/PDF/G0714955.pdf?OpenElement
.

29
.  18 U.S.C. § 2339B(g)(4), referencing definitions in § 2339A(b)(1).

30
.  United States v. Shah, 474 F. Supp. 2d 492, 497 n.5 (S.D.N.Y. 2007).

31
.  
Implementation of the USA PATRIOT ACT: Prohibition of Material Support Under Sections 805 of the USA PATRIOT ACT and 6603 of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 Before the H. Comm. on the Judiciary, Sub-comm. on Crime, Terrorism and Homeland Sec.
26 (2005) (Testimony of Ahilan T. Arulanantham, Staff Attorney, ACLU) (firsthand account).

32
.  
Id
. at 25–26.

33
.  18 U.S.C. § 3286.

Chapter 3

1
.  President Barack Obama, Remarks to the Turkish Parliament (Apr. 6, 2009) (transcript available through the White House Office of the Press Sec’y,
http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Remarks-By-President-Obama-To-The-Turk-ish-Parliament/
).

2
.  
JOHN ROTH, DOUGLAS GREENBURG,
&
SERENA WILLE, NATIONAL COMMISSION ON TERRORIST ATTACKS UPON THE UNITED STATES, MONOGRAPH ON TERRORIST FINANCING: STAFF REPORT TO THE COMMISSION
50 (2004),
http://govinfo.library.unt. edu/911/staff_statements/911_TerrFin_Monograph.pdf
.

3
.  ACLU,
BLOCKING FAITH, FREEZING CHARITY
14 (ACLU ed., 2009),
http://www.aclu.org/human-rights/report-blocking-faith-freezing-charity
.

4
.  
Government Argues for Holding Detainees,
MSNBC
(Dec. 1, 2004, 5:44
P.M.)
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6631668/ns/us_news-security
.

5
.  International Emergency Economic Powers Act, Pub. L. No. 95–223, tit. II, 91 Stat. 1626 (1977) (codified as amended at 50 U.S.C. §§ 1701–06).

6
.  
Aiding Terrorists: An Examination of the Material Support Statute: Hearing Before the S. Comm. on the Judiciary
(2004) (testimony of Professor David Cole, Geo. Univ. L. Ctr.);
see
Executive Order 12,947 (1995). There is considerable controversy over whether Salah, said to be a supporter of Hamas, was actually guilty of anything.
See
Michael E. Deutsch & Erica Thompson,
Secrets and Lies: The Persecution of Mohammad Salah (Part II),
38
J. OF PALESTINE STUD.,
no. 1, 2008, at 25–53,
http://caliber.ucpress.net/doi/abs/10.1525/jps.2008.38.1.25
.

7
.  
See Specially Blocked Nationals and Blocked Persons,
OFFICE OF FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, U.S. DEP’T OF THE TREASURY
(Mar. 17, 2011),
http://www.treasury. gov/ofac/downloads/t11sdn.pdf
.

8
.  
See
Patriot Act §§ 106, 317, 319(a), 320, 323, 371–73, and 806.

9
.  Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 542 U.S. 507 (2004).

10
.  The courts have found a high level of unreliability in the “enemy combatant” designations leading to detention at Guantánamo.
See
Susan N. Herman,
The Limits
of Advocacy: Lawyers for Terrorists/Lawyers for Torturers,
HARV. L.
&
POLICY REV.,
July 9, 2010, nn. 42–43,
http://www.hlpronline.com/2010/07/herman_limits
.

11
.  
See
Eric Sandberg-Zakian,
Counterterrorism, the Constitution, and the Civil-Criminal Divide: Evaluating the Designation of U.S. Persons Under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act,
48
HARV. J. LEGIS.
301, 333–34 (2010).

12
.  
OFFICE OF FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, U.S. DEP’T OF THE TREASURY, TERRORIST ASSETS REPORT
2010 6 (2010),
http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Documents/tar2010.pdf
.

13
.  The Treasury Department has authority to return or refer seized assets,
see generally
31 C.F.R. §§ 501.701(a)(2) & (4) & 597.201 (2010), but has denied all requests to do so.
See
OMB WATCH
&
GRANTMAKERS WITHOUT BORDERS, COLLATERAL DAMAGE: HOW THE WAR ON TERRORISM HURTS CHARITIES, FOUNDATIONS, AND THE PEOPLE THEY SERVE
61–66 (2008).

14
.  Patriot Act § 106 (codified at 50 U.S.C. § 1702).

15
.  My account of the facts is based on Complaint, Kindhearts for Charitable Humanitarian Development, Inc. v. Paulson, 676 F. Supp. 2d 649 (N.D. Ohio 2009) (No. 3:08CV2400),
http://www.aclu.org/files/pdfs/safefree/kindhearts_complaint.pdf
.

16
.  Press Release, Dep’t of the Treasury,
Treasury Freezes Assets of Organization Tied to Hamas
(Feb. 19, 2006),
http://www.ustreas.gov/press/releases/js4058.htm
.

17
.  
See
Terrorism Sanctions Regulations, 61 Fed. Reg. 3,805-01 (Feb. 2, 1996) (codified at 31 C.F.R. § 595.204; 31 C.F.R. §§ 501.801–501.808).

18
.  KindHearts for Charitable Humanitarian Dev. v. Geithner, 647 F. Supp. 2d 857 (N.D. Ohio Aug. 18, 2009).

19
.  KindHearts for Charitable Humanitarian Dev. v. Geithner, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 45175 (N.D. Ohio May 10, 2010).

20
.  
ROTH ET AL.,
supra
note 2, at 9.

21
.  
Id.
at 79.

22
.  
Id.
at 111.

23
.  Sean O’Neill,
Britain Rejects Bush’s Charge Against Charity,
DAILY TELEGRAPH,
Sept. 25, 2003,
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1442381/Britain-rejects-Bushs-charges-against-charity.html
.

24
.  
IBRAHIM WARDE, THE PRICE OF FEAR
95-102 (Berkeley: Univ. of Calif. Press 2007).

25
.  Greg Krikorian,
Questions Arise in Case over Islamic Charity,
L.A. TIMES,
June 18, 2006,
http://articles.latimes.com/2006/jun/18/nation/na-holy18
.

26
.  John Riley,
Taking Liberties: Part 3: A Powerful Weapon: Financial Sanctions Are Popular Tool in War on Terror,
NEWSDAY,
Sept. 17, 2002.

27
.  Press Release, White House Office of the Press Secretary,
President Announces Progress on Financial Fight Against Terror
(Dec. 4, 2001),
http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/12/20011204-8.html
.

28
.  Greg Krikorian,
Terror Financing Case Ends in Mistrial,
L.A. TIMES
, Oct. 23, 2007,
http://articles.latimes.com/2007/oct/23/nation/na-holyland23
.

29
.  David Koenig,
Mistrial Declared in Islamic Charity Case,
USA TODAY,
Oct.22, 2007,
http://www.usatoday.com/news/topstories/2007-10-22-2117674574_x.htm
.

30
.  Greg Krikorian,
Weak Case Seen in Failed Trial of Charity,
L.A. TIMES,
Nov. 4, 2007,
http://articles.latimes.com/2007/nov/04/nation/na-holyland4
.

31
.  Gretel C. Kovach,
Five Convicted in Terrorism Financing Trial,
N.Y. TIMES,
Nov. 24, 2008,
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/25/us/25charity.html
.

32
.  
ROTH ET AL.,
supra
note 2, at 111.

33
.  
BLOCKING FAITH,
supra
note 3, at 59.

34
.  
ROTH ET AL.,
supra
note 2, at 11 n.4.

35
.  
WARDE,
supra
note 24, at 102.

36
.  
ROTH ET AL.,
supra
note 2, at 82–83.

37
.  
Id.
at 8.

38
.  
See
Designation of Foreign Terrorist Organizations, 8 U.S.C. § 1189(b).

39
.  
See
Holy Land Found. for Relief & Dev. v. Ashcroft, 219 F. Supp. 2d 57, 74 n.28 (D.D.C. 2002).

40
.  Islamic Am. Relief Agency v. Unidentified FBI Agents, 394 F. Supp. 2d 34, 49-50 (D.D.C. 2005),
aff’d,
477 F.3d 728 (D.C. Cir. 2007),
cert. denied,
552 U.S. 816 (2007).

41
.  
ERIC LICHTBLAU, BUSH’S LAW
240 (New York: Pantheon 2008).

42
.  
Id.
at 241.

43
.  
ROTH ET AL.,
supra
note 2, at 4, 24.

44
.  
Id.
at 51.

45
.  
MARTIN WEISS, CONG. RESEARCH SERV.,
RS21902,
CRS REPORT FOR CONGRESS: TERRORIST FINANCING: THE
9/11
COMMISSION RECOMMENDATION
CR-3 (2005).

46
.  
BLOCKING FAITH,
supra
note 3, at 69–75.

47
.  
Id.
at 72.

48
.  
Id.
at 71.

49
.  
Id.

50
.  
Id.
at 75–78.

51
.  Robin Shulman,
The Informer: Behind the Scenes, or Setting the Stage?,
WASH. POST,
May 29, 2007,
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/arti-cle/2007/05/28/AR2007052801401.html
.

52
.  
See
Tom Lininger,
Sects, Lies and Videotape: The Surveillance and Infiltration of Religious Groups,
89
IOWA L. REV,
1201 (2004);
GEOFFREY R. STONE, WAR AND LIBERTY: AN AMERICAN DILEMMA:
1790
TO THE PRESENT
141 (New York: W.W. Norton 2007).

53
.  
BLOCKING FAITH,
supra
note 3, at 99.

54
.  
Id.
at 93–96.

55
.  
Id
. at 122–24.

56
.  
Id.
at 67.

57
.  
ROTH ET AL.,
supra
note 2, at 50, 112.

58
.  
BLOCKING FAITH,
supra
note 3, at 118.

59
.  
Id.
at 119.

60
.  
See
Nina J. Crimm,
The Moral Hazard of Anti-Terrorism Financing Measures: A Potential to Compromise Civil Societies and National Interests,
43
WAKE FOREST L. REV.
577, 619–26 (2008).

61
.  
ROTH ET AL.,
supra
note 2, at 122.

62
.  International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, art. 18[1]–[2] (Dec. 16, 1966), G.A. Res. 2200A [XXI], 21 UN GAOR Supp. (No. 16) at 52, UN Doc. A/6316 (1966), 999 U.N.T.S. 171,
entered into force
Mar. 23, 1976, ratified by the U.S. June 8, 1992 (protecting religious freedom and expression).

63
.  Universal Declaration of Human Rights, art. 18 (Dec. 10, 1948), G.A. Res. 217A[III], UN Doc. A/810 at 71 (1948).

64
.  Eric Lichtblau,
Cash Flow to Terrorists Evades U.S. Efforts,
N.Y. TIMES,
Dec. 6, 2010.

65
.  
Id.

66
.  “[W]e worry that sweeping statements … misrepresent the prevalence of terrorist abuse of the U.S. charitable organizations that are the intended audience for the revised Guidelines.” Letter from Steve Gunderson, President and CEO, Council on Founds., to Office of Terrorist Financing and Fin. Crime (Feb. 1, 2006),
http://www.usig.org/PDFs/Comments_to_Treasury.pdf
.

67
.  Michael W. Ryan,
Not All Practice Makes Perfect: How the Treasury’s Revised Anti-Terrorist Financing Guidelines Still Fail to Adequately Address Charitable Concerns,
43
WAKE FOREST L. REV.
739 (2008).