Statistics for Dummies (57 page)
Index
T
t-table,
233-236
233-236
t-test,
231-236
231-236
tax levies,
45
45
tax money expenditures,
69-70
69-70
tax return statistics,
80-81
80-81
teaching reading with computer games,
242-245
242-245
telephone surveys,
315
315
test-it-yourself approach,
217
217
test materials,
110
110
test statistic,
223
223
tests
about,
215
215
for an average difference (paired data),
242-245
242-245
one population mean formula,
238-239
238-239
one population proportion formula,
239-240
239-240
tight slot machines,
138
138
time axis,
85
85
timing of survey,
317
317
toothbrushes survey,
13
13
transportation expenses,
72-73
72-73
Transportation Security Administration,
14
14
travel news,
14-15
14-15
treatment group versus control group,
51
51
Tube Council,
340
340
TV show testing of products,
217
217
type-1 errors,
227
227
type-2 errors,
227-228
227-228
Index
Index
Index
W
wage trends time charts,
83-84
83-84
Walker, Samaki,
104
104
water to drink,
37
37
Web sites
ACT scores,
336
336
American Community Survey,
335
335
aspirin,
340
340
breast cancer treatment,
338
338
celebrity activism,
337
337
children's health care,
338
338
clinical trials,
338
338
Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment,
334
334
Connecticut Powerball Lottery,
335
335
consumer expenditure survey standard errors,
336
336
crickets and temperature,
339
339
Crime Victimization Survey,
338
338
Deming, W. Edwards,
340
340
FBI Uniform Crime Reports,
333
333
Florida lottery,
334
334
The Gallup Organization,
333
333
Good Housekeeping Institute,
337
337
The Harris Poll,
337
337
health surfing on Web,
338
338
Insurance Institute for Highway Safety crash tests,
337
337
Internal Revenue Service,
334
334
Internet dating survey,
337
337
investor optimism,
338
338
Kansas Lottery,
333
333
median household income,
336
336
Michigan lottery,
334
334
National Cancer Institute,
338
338
National Institutes of Health clinical trials,
272
272
National Rifle Association,
337
337
NBA player salaries,
335
335
New York lottery,
334
334
Ohio lottery,
334
334
pain survey,
338
338
riding with drunk drivers,
338
338
sexual harassment,
338
338
teen drug use,
336
336
Trident Gum,
333
333
Tube Council,
340
340
United We Stand America,
333
333
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics,
334
334
U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics,
334
334
U.S. Census Bureau,
334
334
U.S. Department of Justice,
334
334
U.S. Department of Labor,
334
334
U.S. Food and Drug Administration,
340
340
worst cars survey,
338
338
Zogby International,
337
337
whole population results,
178
178
width, confidence interval,
198
198
work place probability,
118-119
118-119
worst cars survey,
254
254
Index
List of Figures
Chapter 2:Statistics Gone Wrong
- Figure 2-1:
Bar chart showing number of times each number was drawn. - Figure 2-2:
Bar chart showing percentage of times each number was drawn.
Tools of the Trade
- Figure 3-1:
Bell-shaped curve.
Getting the Picture—Charts and Graphs
- Figure 4-1:
Total U.S. consumer expenditures for 1994. - Figure 4-2:
Ohio lottery revenue breakdown (1993–2002). - Figure 4-3:
Florida lottery expenditures (fiscal year 2001–2002). - Figure 4-4:
New York lottery expenditures (2001–2002). - Figure 4-5:
New York schools' revenue (2001–2002). - Figure 4-6:
How the tax dollar is sliced up (2002). - Figure 4-7:
Ethnicity trends for the United States. - Figure 4-8:
Transportation expenses by household income for 1994. - Figure 4-9:
Percentage of mothers in the workforce, by age of child (1975 and 1998). - Figure 4-10:
Ohio lottery sales and expenditures for 2002. - Figure 4-11:
Average hourly wage for production workers, 1947–1998 (in 1998 dollars). - Figure 4-12:
Weekly average earnings by educational level, 1979–1997 (in 1998 dollars). - Figure 4-13:
Percent plural births for Colorado residents, 1975–2000. - Figure 4-14:
State population sizes (2000 Census). - Figure 4-15:
Colorado live births, by age of mother for 1975 and 2000. - Figure 4-16:
Baby's crawling distance.
Means, Medians, and More
- Figure 5-1:
Data skewed to the right; data skewed to the left; and symmetric data.
What Are the Chances?—Understanding Probability
- Figure 6-1:
Household make up for Columbus, Ohio, 2001.
Gambling to Win
- Figure 7-1:
Payouts and chances of winning for a Powerball lottery.
Measures of Relative Standing
- Figure 8-1:
Grade distributions from two classes. - Figure 8-2:
Distribution of the lifetimes of light bulbs from Lights Out. - Figure 8-3:
Distribution of the lifetimes of light bulbs from Lights Up. - Figure 8-4:
Variability in light bulb lifetimes for Lights Out versus Lights Up. - Figure 8-5:
The empirical rule (68%, 95%, and 99.7%). - Figure 8-6:
Scores having a normal distribution with mean of 250 and standard deviation of 5. - Figure 8-7:
Scores having a normal distribution with mean of 250 and standard deviation of 15. - Figure 8-8:
The standard normal distribution.
Caution—Sample Results Vary!
- Figure 9-1:
ACT math scores for male and female high school students in 2002. - Figure 9-2:
Average 2002 ACT math scores for male students for samples of size 100. - Figure 9-3:
Average 2002 ACT math scores for male students for samples of size 1,000. - Figure 9-4:
Sampling distributions of 2002 ACT math scores for male students showing original scores, sample means for samples of size 100, and sample means for samples of size 1,000. - Figure 9-5:
Population percentages for all students responding to the ACT math-help question in 2002. - Figure 9-6:
Proportion of students responding "yes" to the ACT math help question in 2002 for samples of size 100. - Figure 9-7:
Proportion of students responding "yes" to the ACT math help question in 2002 for samples of size 1,000.
Claims, Tests, and Conclusions
- Figure 14-1:
Test statistics and your decision. - Figure 14-2:
Comparison of the standard normal (Z-) distribution and the t-distribution. - Figure 14-3:
t-distributions for different sample sizes.
Looking for Links—Correlations and Associations
- Figure 18-1:
Scatterplot of cricket chirps versus outdoor temperature. - Figure 18-2:
Bar graph showing the results of the polyps versus aspirin study. - Figure 18-3:
Pie charts showing the results of the polyps versus aspirin study. - Figure 18-4:
Scatterplots with various correlations.
Statistics and Toothpaste—Quality Control
- Figure 19-1:
Control chart for candy-filling process. - Figure 19-2:
Distribution of individual toothpaste tube weights (where the process is in control). - Figure 19-3:
Distribution of sample means of 10 toothpaste tubes each (where the process is in control). - Figure 19-4:
Control limits for sample means of ten toothpaste tubes (99% confidence). - Figure 19-5:
Toothpaste filling processes that are out of control.
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