Social Democratic America (32 page)

22
. Newman and Jacobs 2010.

23
. Ibid., p. 7.

24
. Ibid., p. 5.

25
. Pierson 1994.

26
. Hirschman 1991.

27
. “Republican Hopefuls Deny Global Warming,”
Guardian
, September 14, 2010; “House Repubs Vote That Earth Is Not Warming,”
Scientific American
, March 16, 2011.

28
. Kenworthy, Barringer, Duerr, and Schneider 2007, using General Social Survey data.

29
. Larry Bartels finds no decline in the share of whites in the bottom income third that voted Democratic in presidential elections between 1952 and 2004. But in eight of those fourteen elections a majority of this group voted for the Republican candidate, so it can't really be considered to have been the electoral base of the Democrats. See Bartels 2008; Kenworthy 2010c.

30
. Teixeira 2011; Teixeira and Halpin 2012.

31
. Inglehart 1977; Inglehart and Abramson 1994.

32
. Judis and Teixeira 2002. See also Browne, Halpin, and Teixeira 2011.

33
. Hibbs 2009; Bartels 2013.

34
. Bartels and Zaller 2000; Fair 2012; Silver 2012; Sides and Vavreck 2013.

35
. Hibbs 2012; McGhee 2012.

36
. Bai 2012.

37
. Center for Responsive Politics, “Outside Spending,”
www.opensecrets.org
.

38
. Bai 2012.

39
. McGregor 2012; Starr 2012; Moser 2013.

40
. Jacobs et al. 2004; Drutman 2012.

41
. Feingold 2013.

42
. Keith Poole, “Party Polarization: 1879–2010,” polarizedamerica.com/Polarized_America.htm, 2013.

43
. Schattschneider 1960; Ferguson and Rogers 1986; Domhoff 1990; Hacker and Pierson 2010.

44
. Ferguson and Rogers 1986; Vogel 1989; Krugman 2007a; Hacker and Pierson 2010.

45
. Blank 1997; Garfinkel, Rainwater, and Smeeding 2010; Ben-Shalom, Moffitt, and Scholz 2011; Edelman 2012; Meyer and Sullivan 2012.

46
. Gilens 1999.

47
. See also Meyer and Sullivan 2012.

48
. Huber, Ragin, and Stephens 1993; Tsebelis 1995; Amenta 1998. There is the additional possibility of veto by the judicial branch. Lobbying, too, plays a role in minimizing policy change; see Baumgartner et al. 2009.

49
. Baldassarri and Gelman 2008; Bartels 2008.

50
. Poole and Hare 2012.

51
. On top of ideological purification, the leadership in both parties has taken to using an array of rewards and punishments—from allocation of committee positions to backing of reelection campaigns—to get backbenchers to vote the party line.

52
. Mann and Ornstein 2012, pp. 57–58.

53
. Keith Poole, “Party Unity Scores,” pooleandrosenthal.com/party_unity.htm, 2013.

54
. Grunwald 2012, p. 67.

55
. Douthat and Salam 2008; Frum 2008; Brooks 2012; Murray 2012a; Ponnuru 2013.

56
. Skocpol and Williamson 2012.

57
. See “The Tortoise and the Hare,” one of Aesop's fables.

1
. Emigration from the United States may well increase as the rest of the world develops economically and language barriers ease, though it likely will remain a small-scale phenomenon.

2
. Helle Thorning-Schmidt, speech at the conference on Progressive Governance: Towards Growth and Shared Prosperity, organized by Policy Network and Global Progress, Copenhagen, April 11–12, 2013.

3
. See, for instance, the 2011 executive order “Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review.”

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