Sisters in Spirit: Iroquois Influence on Early Feminists (16 page)
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8
Burnham cites the following: Blackstone, Vol. 1, p. 463; Vol. 4, p. 212; Bouvier’s
Institutes,
pp. 15-157; “Decisions of English courts in 1612,” quoted in
7 Mod. Rep.,
p. 264.
Burnham cites the following: Blackstone, Vol. 1, p. 463; Vol. 4, p. 212; Bouvier’s
Institutes,
pp. 15-157; “Decisions of English courts in 1612,” quoted in
7 Mod. Rep.,
p. 264.
9
The State vs. Jesse Black, Supreme Court of North Carolina, Raleigh. 60 N.C. 266; 1864. R. Emerson and Russell P. Dobash, “Wives: The ‘Appropriate’ Victims of Marital Violence,”
Victimology: An International Journal
2 (1977-78): pp. 430-431.
The State vs. Jesse Black, Supreme Court of North Carolina, Raleigh. 60 N.C. 266; 1864. R. Emerson and Russell P. Dobash, “Wives: The ‘Appropriate’ Victims of Marital Violence,”
Victimology: An International Journal
2 (1977-78): pp. 430-431.
10
Myrtle, p. 138.
Myrtle, p. 138.
11
W.M. Beauchamp, “The New Religion of the Iroquois,” p. 178.
W.M. Beauchamp, “The New Religion of the Iroquois,” p. 178.
12
Fletcher, “The Legal Conditions of Indian Women,” p. 238.
Fletcher, “The Legal Conditions of Indian Women,” p. 238.
13
For a more complete account, see Sally Roesch Wagner, “The Iroquois Confederacy: a Native American Model for Non-sexist Men,”
Changing Men,
Vol. 19, Spring-Summer 1988, pp. 32-34.
For a more complete account, see Sally Roesch Wagner, “The Iroquois Confederacy: a Native American Model for Non-sexist Men,”
Changing Men,
Vol. 19, Spring-Summer 1988, pp. 32-34.
14
Gage,
Woman, Church and State,
p. 101.
Gage,
Woman, Church and State,
p. 101.
15
Mary Elizabeth Beauchamp, “Letter to the Editor,”
Skaneateles Democrat,
10 April 1883, Beauchamp File, Onondaga Historical Association, Syracuse, New York.
Mary Elizabeth Beauchamp, “Letter to the Editor,”
Skaneateles Democrat,
10 April 1883, Beauchamp File, Onondaga Historical Association, Syracuse, New York.
16
Elias Johnson,
Legends, Traditions and Laws of the Iroquois.
Lockport, New York: Union Printing and Publishing Co., 1881, pp. 22-23.
Elias Johnson,
Legends, Traditions and Laws of the Iroquois.
Lockport, New York: Union Printing and Publishing Co., 1881, pp. 22-23.
17
J. N. B. Hewitt, ”Status of Women in Iroquois Polity before 1784” in
Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution for 1932.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1933, pp. 482-483.
J. N. B. Hewitt, ”Status of Women in Iroquois Polity before 1784” in
Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution for 1932.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1933, pp. 482-483.
18
I’m choosing here to look at status as Ann Eastlack Schafer did in her 1941 MA thesis in Anthropology for the University of Pennsylvania, “The Status of Iroquois Women.” Schafer defines status as simply, the “collection of rights and duties” of “all the positions which she occupies,” as distinct from the Iroquois woman’s role: “the dynamic aspect of a status.”
I’m choosing here to look at status as Ann Eastlack Schafer did in her 1941 MA thesis in Anthropology for the University of Pennsylvania, “The Status of Iroquois Women.” Schafer defines status as simply, the “collection of rights and duties” of “all the positions which she occupies,” as distinct from the Iroquois woman’s role: “the dynamic aspect of a status.”
19
Matilda Joslyn Gage, “The Mother of His Children,” (San Francisco) Pioneer, 9 November 1871. Scrapbook of Gage’s Published Newspaper Articles, Matilda Joslyn Gage Collection, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe College, Cambridge, Mass.
Matilda Joslyn Gage, “The Mother of His Children,” (San Francisco) Pioneer, 9 November 1871. Scrapbook of Gage’s Published Newspaper Articles, Matilda Joslyn Gage Collection, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe College, Cambridge, Mass.
20
Gage,
Woman, Church and State,
p. 5.
Gage,
Woman, Church and State,
p. 5.
21
Joshua V. H. Clark,
Onondaga or Reminiscences.
Syracuse, New York: Stoddard and Babcock, 1849, Vol. 1, pp. 49-50.
Joshua V. H. Clark,
Onondaga or Reminiscences.
Syracuse, New York: Stoddard and Babcock, 1849, Vol. 1, pp. 49-50.
22
William Alexander,
History of Women.
Philadelphia: Published by J.H. Dobelbower, 1796.
William Alexander,
History of Women.
Philadelphia: Published by J.H. Dobelbower, 1796.
23
Carroll E. Smith,
Syracuse, Village and City.
Local History Leaflet No. 16. Syracuse, New York: Onondaga Historical Association, October 1897, p. 69.
Carroll E. Smith,
Syracuse, Village and City.
Local History Leaflet No. 16. Syracuse, New York: Onondaga Historical Association, October 1897, p. 69.
24
Rose N. Yawger,
The Indian and the Pioneer: An Historical Study.
Syracuse, New York: C. W. Bardeen, 1893, p. 39.
Rose N. Yawger,
The Indian and the Pioneer: An Historical Study.
Syracuse, New York: C. W. Bardeen, 1893, p. 39.
25
Myrtle,
The Iroquois,
pp. 85-6.
Myrtle,
The Iroquois,
pp. 85-6.
26
Horatio Hale, ed.,
The Iroquois Book of Rights,
Philadelphia: D.G. Brinton, 1883; reprint ed. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1963, pp. 141, 143.
Horatio Hale, ed.,
The Iroquois Book of Rights,
Philadelphia: D.G. Brinton, 1883; reprint ed. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1963, pp. 141, 143.
27
Ibid., p. 168.
Ibid., p. 168.
29
Ibid.
Ibid.
31
Gage, “The Remnant of the Five Nations: Woman’s Rights Among the Indians.”
Gage, “The Remnant of the Five Nations: Woman’s Rights Among the Indians.”
32
Gage,
Woman, Church and State,
p. 5.
Gage,
Woman, Church and State,
p. 5.
33
Fletcher, pp. 239-240.
Fletcher, pp. 239-240.
34
Ibid., p. 238.
Ibid., p. 238.
35
Emma Vignal Borglum,
The Experience at Crow Creek: A Sioux Indian Reservation at South Dakota.
Collection of the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.
Emma Vignal Borglum,
The Experience at Crow Creek: A Sioux Indian Reservation at South Dakota.
Collection of the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.
36
Myrtle, pp. 85-6.
Myrtle, pp. 85-6.
37
Burnham, Carrie S.
Burnham, Carrie S.
38
Lewis Henry Morgan,
League of the Ho-De-No-Sau-Nee or Iroquois.
Herbert M. Lloyd [ed.] New York: Dodd, Mead and Co., 1904, p. 80.
Lewis Henry Morgan,
League of the Ho-De-No-Sau-Nee or Iroquois.
Herbert M. Lloyd [ed.] New York: Dodd, Mead and Co., 1904, p. 80.
39
Ibid., p. 317.
Ibid., p. 317.
40
Schoolcraft, Henry R.,
Notes on the Iroquois.
New York: Bartlett & Welford, 1846, pp. 88-89.
Schoolcraft, Henry R.,
Notes on the Iroquois.
New York: Bartlett & Welford, 1846, pp. 88-89.
41
“Report of the Proceedings of the Mississippi Bar Association, January 6, 1891,” printed in
The Albany Law Journal,
5 March 1892.
“Report of the Proceedings of the Mississippi Bar Association, January 6, 1891,” printed in
The Albany Law Journal,
5 March 1892.
42
Stanton et al.,
History of Woman Suffrage
Vol. 1, pp. 70-71.
Stanton et al.,
History of Woman Suffrage
Vol. 1, pp. 70-71.
43
Gage,
Speech of Mrs. M.E.J. Gage at the Woman’s Rights Convention held at Syracuse, September 1852.
Gage,
Speech of Mrs. M.E.J. Gage at the Woman’s Rights Convention held at Syracuse, September 1852.
44
Fletcher, pp. 238-239.
Fletcher, pp. 238-239.
45
Ibid.
Ibid.
1
Stanton et al.,
History of Woman Suffrage
Vol. 3, pp. 70-71.
Stanton et al.,
History of Woman Suffrage
Vol. 3, pp. 70-71.
2
Matilda Joslyn Gage, “Woman’s Rights Catechism,”
The
(Fayetteville, N.Y.)
Weekly Recorder,
27 July 1871.
Matilda Joslyn Gage, “Woman’s Rights Catechism,”
The
(Fayetteville, N.Y.)
Weekly Recorder,
27 July 1871.
3
New Northwest,
(Portland, Oregon), 8 March 1872, p. 3. The chapter on “Trials and Decisions” in Stanton, et al.,
History of Woman Suffrage,
Vol. 2, New York: Fowler and Wells, 1882; reprint ed., Salem, New Hampshire: Ayer Company Publishers, Inc., 1985, pp. 586-755.
New Northwest,
(Portland, Oregon), 8 March 1872, p. 3. The chapter on “Trials and Decisions” in Stanton, et al.,
History of Woman Suffrage,
Vol. 2, New York: Fowler and Wells, 1882; reprint ed., Salem, New Hampshire: Ayer Company Publishers, Inc., 1985, pp. 586-755.
4
An Account of the Proceedings of the Trial of Susan B. Anthony, on the Charge of Illegal Voting, at the Presidential Election in November, 1872.
Rochester: Daily Democrat and Chronicle Book Print, 1874; reprint ed., New York: Arno Press, 1974; Stanton, Anthony and Gage,
History of Woman Suffrage,
Vol. 2, p. 689.
An Account of the Proceedings of the Trial of Susan B. Anthony, on the Charge of Illegal Voting, at the Presidential Election in November, 1872.
Rochester: Daily Democrat and Chronicle Book Print, 1874; reprint ed., New York: Arno Press, 1974; Stanton, Anthony and Gage,
History of Woman Suffrage,
Vol. 2, p. 689.
5
Stanton, et al.,
History of Woman Suffrage,
Vol. 2, p. 689.
Stanton, et al.,
History of Woman Suffrage,
Vol. 2, p. 689.
6
Minor v. Happersett,
53 Mo., 58, and 21 Wallace, 162, 1874; “Trials and Decisions” in Stanton et al.,
History of Woman Suffrage,
Vol. 2, pp. 586-755.
Minor v. Happersett,
53 Mo., 58, and 21 Wallace, 162, 1874; “Trials and Decisions” in Stanton et al.,
History of Woman Suffrage,
Vol. 2, pp. 586-755.
7
Stanton et al.,
History of Woman Suffrage,
Vol. 3, p. 20.
Stanton et al.,
History of Woman Suffrage,
Vol. 3, p. 20.
8
Stanton, “The Matriarchate or Mother-Age.”
Stanton, “The Matriarchate or Mother-Age.”
9
Gage, “The Remnant of the Five Nations: Woman’s Rights Among the Indians.”
Gage, “The Remnant of the Five Nations: Woman’s Rights Among the Indians.”
10
Morgan,
League,
p. 82.
Morgan,
League,
p. 82.
11
Hewitt, “Status of Women in Iroquois Polity before 1784,” pp. 478-479.
Hewitt, “Status of Women in Iroquois Polity before 1784,” pp. 478-479.
12
Barbara A. Mann and Jerry L. Fields, “A Sign in the Sky: Dating the League of the Haudenosaunee,”
American Indian Quarterly,
Vol. 21, No. 5, Summer 1997, pp. 423-449.
Barbara A. Mann and Jerry L. Fields, “A Sign in the Sky: Dating the League of the Haudenosaunee,”
American Indian Quarterly,
Vol. 21, No. 5, Summer 1997, pp. 423-449.
13
Tehanetorens, “Wampum Belts,” Six Nations Museum, Onchiota, New York, n.d.; reprint ed. Ontario, Canada: Iroqrafts, Ltd., 1983.
Tehanetorens, “Wampum Belts,” Six Nations Museum, Onchiota, New York, n.d.; reprint ed. Ontario, Canada: Iroqrafts, Ltd., 1983.
14
Arthur C. Parker,
The Life of General Ely S. Parker.
Buffalo, New York: Buffalo Historical Society, 1919, quoted in “Her Word Was Law, Excerpts from Parker,”
Indian Roots of American Democracy,
Vol. 4, No. 4, Winter 1887, p. 70.
Arthur C. Parker,
The Life of General Ely S. Parker.
Buffalo, New York: Buffalo Historical Society, 1919, quoted in “Her Word Was Law, Excerpts from Parker,”
Indian Roots of American Democracy,
Vol. 4, No. 4, Winter 1887, p. 70.
15
Hewitt, “Status of Women in Iroquois Polity before 1784,” p. 481.
Hewitt, “Status of Women in Iroquois Polity before 1784,” p. 481.
16
Myrtle, p. 303.
Myrtle, p. 303.
17
Ibid., p. 162.
Ibid., p. 162.
18
Ibid., p. 42.
Ibid., p. 42.
19
Matilda Joslyn Gage to “My dear Helen,” 11 December 1893.
Matilda Joslyn Gage to “My dear Helen,” 11 December 1893.
20
Quoted in George S. Snyderman, “Behind the Tree of Peace: A Sociological Analysis of Iroquois Warfare,” doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1948, p. 21.
Quoted in George S. Snyderman, “Behind the Tree of Peace: A Sociological Analysis of Iroquois Warfare,” doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1948, p. 21.
21
Snyderman, p. 21.
Snyderman, p. 21.
22
Gage, “The Remnant of the Five Nations: Woman’s Rights Among the Indians.”
Gage, “The Remnant of the Five Nations: Woman’s Rights Among the Indians.”
23
Gage,
Woman, Church and State,
p. 10.
Gage,
Woman, Church and State,
p. 10.
24
Myrtle, p. 161.
Myrtle, p. 161.
25
Gage,
Woman, Church and State,
p. 5.
Gage,
Woman, Church and State,
p. 5.
26
Fletcher, p. 239.
Fletcher, p. 239.
27
William L. Stone,
The Life and Times of Red Jacket or Sa-Go-Ye-Wat-Ha; Being the Sequel to the History of the Six Nations.
New York and London: Wiley and Putnam, 1841, pp. 61-62.
William L. Stone,
The Life and Times of Red Jacket or Sa-Go-Ye-Wat-Ha; Being the Sequel to the History of the Six Nations.
New York and London: Wiley and Putnam, 1841, pp. 61-62.
28
Ibid., pp. 155-156.
Ibid., pp. 155-156.
29
Ibid., pp. 119-120.
Ibid., pp. 119-120.
30
Syracuse Journal,
10 January 1866.
Syracuse Journal,
10 January 1866.
31
Arthur C. Parker, “Woman’s Rights in America Five Hundred Years Ago,”
Albany Press,
11 April 1909.
Arthur C. Parker, “Woman’s Rights in America Five Hundred Years Ago,”
Albany Press,
11 April 1909.
32
Gage, “Indian Citizenship.”
Gage, “Indian Citizenship.”
33
Resolution adopted by the National Woman Suffrage Association Convention, January, 1878 in
The National Citizen and BallotBox,
August 1878.
Resolution adopted by the National Woman Suffrage Association Convention, January, 1878 in
The National Citizen and BallotBox,
August 1878.
34
Gage,
Woman, Church and State,
p. 6.
Gage,
Woman, Church and State,
p. 6.
35
Parker, “Woman’s Rights in America Five Hundred Years Ago.”
Parker, “Woman’s Rights in America Five Hundred Years Ago.”
36
Gage,
Woman, Church and State,
p. 6.
Gage,
Woman, Church and State,
p. 6.
37
Stanton, “The Matriarchate or Mother-Age.”
Stanton, “The Matriarchate or Mother-Age.”
1. Julius Cook, biographical sketch of Ray Fadden in
New Voices from the Longhouse: an Anthology of Contemporary Iroquois Writing,
edited by Joseph Bruchac. Greenfield Center, New York: The Greenfield Review Press, 1989, p. 96.
New Voices from the Longhouse: an Anthology of Contemporary Iroquois Writing,
edited by Joseph Bruchac. Greenfield Center, New York: The Greenfield Review Press, 1989, p. 96.
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