Sir Walter Raleigh: In Life & Legend (59 page)

17 Dick, Aubrey's Brief Lives, p. 255.

18 According to Francis Bacon, Ralegh regarded the ladies of the privy chamber and bedchamber as 'witches; they could do hurt, but they could do no good' U. Spedding, R. L. Ellis and D. D. Heath (eds), The Works of Francis Bacon (London, 1857-74), vii, p. 129).

19 Rudick, Poems, pp. xxxviii-xxxix, 15; Laiton has been identified by May as Elizabeth Leighton (nee Knollys), S. W. May, The Elizabethan Courtier Poets: the poems and their contexts (Columbia, 1991), p. 117.

20 Rudick, Poems, p. xli.

21 Rudick, Poems, pp. lx-lxiii.

22 Letters of Ralec.th, p. 12. Maurice Browne, writing to John Thynlie, describes the 'Lady' as a crowned queen, and the whole 'token' as set with rubies and diamonds. The back of the jewel carried an engraved inscription:'tuemur sub sacra ancora' (quoted in Trevelyan, Ralei,0, p. 61).

23 V. von Klarwill (ed.), Queen Elizabeth and Some Foreigners (London, 1928), p. 336.

24 A. L. Rowse, Ralegh and theThrockrnortons (London, 1962),p. 144. Though 'Water' conies and goes, while he is her 'silly pugge'in one well-known poetic exchange of the 1580s (Rudick, Poems, p. 20).

25 A. C. Miller, 'Sir Roger Williams - a Welsh professional soldier', Transactions of the Honourable Society (?f Cymmrodorion, pt 1 (1972), 86-118. See also the article on Williams by David Trim in ODNB.

26 See Letters of Ralegh, pp. 43-4, 47-8.

27 T. N. Brushfield, Raleghana (Plymouth, 1896-1907), p. 5.

28 Brushfield, RaIo haua, v, pp. 5-10.

29 A 1626 plan of the house is reproduced in Brushfield, Raleyhana, v. The same article copies a drawing of the river frontage by Hollar, from around the same time, which clearly shows the castellated medieval frontage, the water-gate, the high windows and the substantial, dense orchard.

30 Dick, Aubrey'c Brief Lives, p. 254.

31 Brushfield, Raleghana, v, p. 10. Though little turns on the point, we assume that Westminster here refers to Durham House and not to the Court. Both readings are possible.

32 See B. Usher, 'Queen Elizabeth and Mrs Bishop', in S. Doran and T. S. Freeman (eds), The Myth of Elizabeth (Basingstoke, 2003), pp. 206-7.

33 Dick, Aubrey s Brief Lim, p. 255.

34 Letters of Ralegh, p. 24.

35 He was knighted at Greenwich (W. A. Shaw, The Knights of England (London, 1906), ii, p. 83).

36 See, conveniently, the list of lords lieutenant, 1590 (HMC, Salisbury, iv, p. 14), and of lieutenants and muster masters, 1595, in Hatfield MS 37/13.

37 See J. Youings, Ralegh'c Country: the south west of England in the reign ol'Queen Elizabeth I (Raleigh, NC, 1986), pp. 23-8.

38 See 1). Cressy, 'Binding the nation: the bonds of association, 1584 and 1696', in D. J. Guth and J. W. McKenna (eds), Tudor Rule and Revolution (Cambridge, 1982), pp. 217-34.

39 T. E. Hartley (ed.), Proceedings in the Parliaments of Elizabeth I, Volume 11 1584-1589 (London, 1995), p. 121; see below, ChapterThree, p. 51.

40 Letters of kaleei'lu, pp. 36-7. See below, Chapter Three.

41 HMC, Salisbury, iv, p. 507.

42 Letters of Raleglu, pp. 37-8.

43 Letters of Ral(gh, pp. 34-5.

44 R. B. Manning, Swordsinen: the martial ethos in the three kingdoms (Oxford, 2003), p. 214.

45 Particularly if that story involved an escape from Spanish imprisonment, as in the case of the witty, unreliable Charles Chester (see ODNB).

46 HMC, Manuscripts of the Earl of Ancaster, p. 49.

47 For the ongoing debate over the nature of the Elizabethan polity see J. F. McDiarmid (ed.), The Monarchical Republic of Early Modern England: essays in response to Patrick Collinson (Aldershot, 2007).

48 Letters Patent dated 27 June 1587. See Hatfield MS 209/2.

49 N. Canny, 'Ralegh's Ireland', in H. G. Jones (ed.), Raleigh and Quinn: the explorer and his Boswell (Chapel Hill, 1987), pp. 92-3.

50 National Maritime Museum P49, f27, reproduced in S. Doran (ed.), Elizabeth: the exhibition at the National Maritime Museum (London, 2003), pp. 129, 167.

51 Paper delivered at the 2005 conference on Sir Walter Ralegh atYoughal.

52 We are greatly obliged to Mr Simon Murray for his hospitality when visiting the house.

53 Quoted many tines, for example in J. Pope Hennessy, Sir Walter Raleicli in Ireland, ed. T. Herron (Dublin, 2009), p. 65. The truth is somewhat more prosaic - the Countess was probably around ninety when she died (see ODNB).

54 M. MacCarthy-Morrogh, The Munster Plantation: English migration to southern Ireland, 1583-1641 (Oxford, 1986), p. 52.

55 Canny, 'Raleighs Ireland', p. 94.

56 TNA, SP 63/144/28, fos 62-5.

57 H. C. Hamilton (ed.), Calendar (?f the State Papers relating to Ireland (1588-92) (London, 1885), p. 171; J. W. Shirley, Thomas Harriot: a biography (Oxford, 1983), pp. 164-5.

58 TNA, SP 63/144/28, as given in Canny, 'Raleigh's Ireland', p. 95.

59 The leases are recorded in NLI, MS 6135; see D. B. Quinn's note at the end of W. A. Wallace, John White, Thomas Harriot and Walter Ralegh in Ireland (London, 1985), pp. 19-22.

60 It is not clear when the child was born. She could in fact have been the product of a much earlier union, though the late 1580s seem most likely. What is abundantly clear, from the context described tactfully by JoyceYouings, is that it would be unwise to rely too much on evidence in the surviving transcript of a letter of Ralegh to Master James Gold from the Court (Letters (?fRalegh, pp. 379-80).

61 P. Ahier, The Governorship of Sir Walter Ralegh in Jersey, 1600-1603 (St Helier, 1971), pp. 100-2; on Dumaresq see also Hatfield MS 120/22, Sir John Peyton to Salisbury, 19 January 1608.

62 Ahier, The Governorship of Ralegh in Jersey, p. 150.

63 See R. Davies, Thomas Harriot and the Guiana Voyage in 1595 (Thomas Harriot Seminar occasional paper No. 24, 1997). Sanderson married Margaret, the daughter of Hugh Snedall and Ralegh's sister.

64 BL, Harley MS 5208, quoted in R. A. McIntyre, 'William Sanderson: Elizabethan financier of discovery', William and Mary Quarterly 13 (1956), 184-201, at 194-5.

65 McIntyre, 'William Sanderson'; below, Chapter Five, p. 101.

66 Syon MS X. II.12(6)b. Mr Power's book, money delivered to the Earl of Northumberland for play, February and March 1588.

67 G. R. Batho (ed.), The Household Papers of Henry Percy, Ninth Earl of Northumberland (1564-1632) (London, 1962), pp. 67, 74. It would be interesting to identify the portrait, should it survive.

68 Syon MS U.1.1 y, Wycliffe's account, 1587-8, for reference to 'a stroe coloured velvet saddle'.

69 HMC, De L'Isle and Dudley, ii, p. 429.

70 TNA, SP 78/51, fo. 300.

CHAPTER 3

1 Letters of Ralegh, p. 12.

2 D. B. Quinn (ed.), The Voyages and Colonising Enterprises c ?f Sir Humphrey Gilbert (London, 1940), ii, p. 365; for the Falcon see above, Chapter One, p. 12.

3 Quinn, The Voyages and Colonising Enterprises of Sir Humphrey Gilbert, ii, p. 396.

4 Ibid., p. 383.

5 Ibid., pp. 419-20.

6 Sidney had been granted his own concession by Gilbert of 3,000,000 acres: Ibid., i, p. 74; ii, pp. 435-80.

7 On Dee see E. G. R. Taylor, Tudor Geography, 1485-1583 (London, 1930), chs v-vii, and the article by R. J. Roberts in ODNB.

8 1). B. Quinn, The Roanoke Voyages, 1584-1590 (2 vols, London, 1955), i, pp. 82-9.

9 Ibid., pp. 91-116, 122-9.

10 Ibid., p. 108.

11 This is the title by which it is best known. Hakluyt himself called it his 'Particular Discourse'. The most accessible edition is in E. G. R. Taylor (ed.), The Original Writings and Correspondence qf the Two Richard Hakluyts (London, 1935), ii, no. 46, pp. 211-326.

12 D. B. and A. M. Quinn, 'A Hakluyt chronology', in The Hakluyt Handbook (London, 1974), i, pp. 263-331, esp. 267-8.

13 The main editions were published in 1589,1598-1600 and 1903-5. They were preceded by the Divers Voyages Touching the Discoverie of America (1582).

14 Taylor (ed.), The Original Writings and Correspondence of the Two Richard Hakluyts, pp. 320-7.

15 Harriot later became a member of Oriel College, where he is very finely conmmenmorated.

16 On his life see J. W. Shirley, Thomas Harriot: a biography (Oxford, 1983). There are two valuable collections of essays on Harriot: J. W. Shirley (ed.), Thomas Harriot: Renaissance scientist (Oxford, 1974) and R. Fox (ed.), Thomas Harriot, an Elizabethan Man of Science (Aldershot, 2000). A second volume edited by Fox, Thomas Harriot and his World, is due shortly.

17 Quoted in Shirley, Thomas Harriot: Renaissance scientist, p. 18.

18 See Chapter Two, p. 34.

19 Taylor (ed.), The Original Writings and Correspondence of fhe Two Richard Hakinyts, i, 327-50.

20 The terms 'admiral' and 'vice-admiral' apply to the ships, not their captains. The modern equivalent to the former would be 'flagship'.

21 For Fernandez, see above, Chapter One, pp. 12-13.

22 Quinn, Roanoke, i, pp. 158-9, 173, 178-9.

23 Quinn, Roanok'e, i, pp. 144-5, 156-7.

24 Below, p. 59. K. R. Andrews, Trade, Plunder and Settlement: nraritirne enterprise and fhegenesis otthe British empire, 1480-1630 (Cambridge, 1984), pp. 204-7.

25 ODNB, under Lane, R.

26 Quinn, Roanoke, i, pp. 199, 212.

27 Holinshed in Quinn, Roanoke, i, p. 177. Grenville himself said ginger and sugar were the main commodities in the cargo.

28 Quinn, Roanoke, i, p. 257. Cf. Lane's letter to Walsinghani of 12 August 1585 (ibid., pp. 199-204).

29 Quinn, Roanoke, i, pp. 303-8.

30 Quinn, Roanok'c, i, p. 478.

31 However anachronistic, the log fort and chapel were popular in their day, and their eventual removal by the US Parks Service was somewhat resented by islanders. On the site, see J. C. Harrington, Search fir the Cittie of Ralegh: archaeological excavations at Fort Raleigh National Historic Site, North Carolina (Washington, 1962); C. Trebellas and W. Chapman, Fort Ralei,Oi National Historic Site: historic resource study (Atlanta, 1999); H. G. Jones, 'The Americanization of Raleigh', in J. Youings (ed.), Raleigh in Exeter, 1985: privateering and colonisation in the reign of Elizabeth I (Exeter, 1985), pp. 79-86.

32 D. B. Quinn, 'Thomas Harriot and the New World', in Shirley, Thomas Harriot: Renaissance scientist, pp. 42-3.

33 de Bry was a Calvinist printer from Liege, who set up a publishing house in Frankfurt am Main.

34 An accessible version of the Report is in Quinn, Roanoke, i, pp. 317-87; for de Bry, see below, pp. 58-9.

35 Below, Chapter Four, pp. 89-97.

36 K. Sloan (ed.), A New World: England's first view of America (London, 2007), passim, for a catalogue and reproductions of all White's drawings and paintings, with commentaries.

37 The grant of arms is the only document to have survived of those authorizing the colony. See Quinn, Roanoke, ii, pp. 506-12.

38 Quinn, Roanoke, ii, pp. 512, 543. The main source for White's expedition is his own narrative at pp. 515-38; for reprisals see below, pp. 65-8.

39 Quinn, Roanoke, i, p. 526.

40 On her birthday, 18 August, in 1937 President Franklin Roosevelt signed a birth certificate forVirginia Dare, while a commemorative stamp and coin were issued in her honour.

41 White's report is printed in Quinn, Roanoke, ii, pp. 562-9.

42 Quinn, Roanoke, ii, pp. 557-8, 569-76.

43 Quinn, Roanoke, ii, pp. 712-16. White's narrative of the voyage is printed at pp. 598-622.

44 Very little is known about this trip. See D. B. Quinn,'Thomas Hariot and the Virginia voyages of 1602', William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd series, 27 (1970), pp. 268-81. Letters of Ralegh, pp. 240-1. Sassafras roots were thought to have medical uses.

45 W. Strachey, The Historic of Travell into Virginia Britania (1612), eds L. B. Wright and V. Freund (London, 1953), p. 91.

46 R. Hakluyt, Principall Navigations (1589), sig. * 4r, quoted in Andrews, Trade, Plunder and Settlement, p. 218.

47 Andrews, Trade, Plunder and Settlement, p. 218.

48 See 1). B. Quinn, 'The lost colonists', in J. Youings (ed.), Raleigh in Exeter: privatccring and colonisation in the reign of Elizabeth I (Exeter, 1985), pp. 59-71; H. G. Jones, 'The Americanization of Raleigh', in ibid., pp. 73-89.

49 APC, 1578-80, pp. 109, 142-3, 146-7.

50 K. R. Andrews (ed.), English Privateering Voyages to the West Ibnrdies, 1588-95 (London, 1959), passim, esp. p. 7. See also K. R. Andrews, Elizabethan PrivateerinE' (Cambridge, 1964), passim. The terns 'privateer' did not come into use until the seventeenth century. In the sixteenth century 'privateers' were called 'ships of reprisal'.

51 Andrews, Elizabethan Privateering, p. 7; Andrews, English Privateering Voyages to the West hidies, p. 16.

52 Andrews, Elizabethan Privateering, pp. 46-50.

53 Quinn, Roanoke, i, p. 220 fn. 4;Andrews, Elizabethan Privateering, p. 192.

54 D. B. Quinn, En land and the Discovery of Ainerica, 1481-1620 (London, 1974), p. 300; Letters of Roby', p. 57.

55 J. W. Shirley, 'Sir Walter Ralegh's Guiana finances', Huntington Library Quarterly 13 (1949-50), 55-69.

56 Above, p. 61 at n. 41.

57 'The Ocean, to Cynthia', 11. 61-5.

58 On the 1592 expedition see G. M. Griffith,'An account book of Raleigh's voyage, 1592', National Library of Wales Journal7 (1952), 347-53. On the situation at Court and on the division of the spoils see Chapter Four below, pp. 80-1.

59 Andrews, Trade, Plunder and Settlement, pp. 288-9. Below, Chapter Five.

60 For the history of the potato see R. N. Salaman, The History and Social Influence of the Potato (1949, rev. edn 1985), pp. 77-84, 148-53, 222.

61 E. Spenser, The Faerie Queene, Book III, canto 5, stanza 32; J. Knapp, 'Elizabethan Tobacco' in S. Greenblatt (ed.), New World Encounters (Berkeley, 1993), pp. 272-312; T. Pollard, 'The pleasures and perils of smoking in early modern England', in S. L. Gilman and X. Zhou (eds), Smoke: a global history of smoking (London, 2004), pp. 38-45.

62 Andrews, Trade, Plunder and Settlement, pp. 218-22; Quinn, England and the Discovery of America, chs ix, xi; K. O. Kupperman, 'Ralegh's Dream of Empire' in H. G. Jones (ed.), Ralegh and Quinn: the explorer and his Boswell (Chapel Hill, 1987), pp. 123-38.