Shanghai 1937: Stalingrad on the Yangtze (48 page)

72
. Jiang Zhongzheng,
Kunmian ji,
p. 578.

73
. Sun Youli.
China and the Origins of the Pacific War.
New York: St Martin’s Press, 1993, p. 90.

74
. This view of Chiang’s motives for making a stand in Shanghai is not universally accepted. See, Taylor, pp. 147–148. However, it is remarkable that one year later Chiang attempted a similar strategy, when he tried to lure Japan to fight in the south of China in an apparent attempt to entangle the British in Hong Kong in the hostilities. See, Macri, Franco David.
Clash of Empires in South China: The Allied Nations’ Proxy War with Japan, 193s–1941.
Lawrence KS: University of Kansas Press, 2012, p. 53.

75
. Li Tsung-jen et al.,
The Memoirs of Li Tsung-jen,
Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1979, p. 329.

76
. Guo Rugui et al., pp. 543–544.

77
.
NDS,
vol. 8, p. 36.

78
. The Asama Detachment, named after its commander Asama Yoshio, consisted of two battalions of the 11th Division’s 43rd Regiment, reinforced with one company of mountain artillery. See,
Shina jihen rikugun sakusen, 1, Showa jusan nen ichi gatsu made,
p. 277.

79
.
NDS,
vol. 8, p. 37.

80
. Zhang Zhizhong, p. 81.

81
.
NDS,
vol. 8, p. 40;
Shina jihen rikugun sakusen, 1, Showa jusan nen ichi gatsu made,
pp. 277–278.

82
.
NDS,
vol. 8, p. 41.

83
.
China Weekly Review,
September 11, 1937, p. 30.

84
.
NDS,
vol. 8, p. 41.

85
.
NDS,
vol. 8, p. 42.

86
. Zhang Zhizhong, p. 81.

87
. Guo Rugui et al., p. 543.

88
. NDS, vol. 8, pp. 42, 44.

89
. The account of the battle of Baoshan is based on Li Guanru, pp. 89–91.

90
.
NCDN,
September 10, 1937.

91
.
Guo Rugui et al., p. 544.

92
.
Japanese Monograph No. 166,
p. 57.

93
.
DSBS,
p. 20.

94
.
Japanese Monograph No. 166,
p. 67.

95
. The Shigeto Detachment, led by Shigeto Chiaki, consisted of five battalions and one company of mountain artillery. See,
Shina jihen rikugun sakusen, I, Showa jusan nen ichi gatsu made,
pp. 278–279.

96
.
Shina jihen rikugun sakusen, I, Showa jusan nen ichi gatsu made,
p. 279.

97
. Fang Jing, p. 187.

98
. Guo Rugui, p. 78.

99
.
DSBS,
p. 42. The report prepared by former advisors for the German High Command in 1939 contains an appendix with the personal recollections of an unnamed German officer, pp. 42–46. The officer, while not identified, is all but certain to be Newiger. For instance, the anonymous officer describes on p. 43 how he moved to the Chinese high command in late October, accompanied by Lieutenant Klaus von Schmeling, which exactly corresponds with Newiger’s movements at the time. Other evidence from the report showing that Newiger was a chief advisor at the Chinese high command from late October onwards is to be found on pp. 48 and 51. See also, Martin, Bernd, p. 76.

100
.
DSBS,
p. 43.

101
. Hsin Ta-mo, p. 24.

102
.
DSBS,
p. 42.

103
.
DSBS,
p. 42.

104
. Zhang Fakui, p. 507.

105
.
DSBS,
p. 42.

106
.
Der Spiegel,
May 11, 1970.

107
. Rigg, Bryan Mark.
Hitler’s Jewish Soldiers: The Untold Story of Nazi Racial Laws and Men of Jewish Descent in the German Military.
Lawrence KS: University Press of Kansas, 2004, pp. 83–84, 358–359.

108
. 108. p. 314.

109
. 109. p. 359.

110
. The account of Lu Chuanyong’s experience in the Shanghai battle is based on Yuan Ying et al., pp. 153–158.

111
. The League of Nations 18th session opened on September 13.

112
. Guo Rugui et al., pp. 544–545.

113
. Qiu Weida, “Diwushiyishi Luodian fangyuzhan” [“The 51st Division’s Defensive Battle of Luodian”], in
BSK,
pp. 258–259.

114
. “Vigil of Fear Told in Soldier’s Diary,” Associated Press, October 3, 1937.

C
HAPTER
F
IVE
: “R
IVERS OF
B
LOOD
”

1
. Tiltman’s description of his visit to the frontline was published in the
NCDN
on September 12, 1937.

2
. Wang Shijie, p. 100.

3
. The Amaya Detachment was strengthened for this assault by the II th Division’s Asama Detachment, which had moved down the Yangtze riverbank in the preceding days and had taken the Shizilin fortress. See,
Shina jihen rikugun sakusen, 1, Showa jusan nen ichi gatsu made,
p. 278.

4
.
DSBS,
p. 19.

5
.
DSBS,
p. 19; Teitler et al., p. 109.

6
. Teitler et al., p. 111–112.

7
. Shi Shuo, p. 96.

8
.
DSBS,
pp. 19–20.

9
. Jiang Zhongzheng.
Kunmian ji,
p. 574.

10
. Hsu and Chang, pp. 206–207.

11
. Zhang Zhizhong, p. 83;
DSBS,
p. 20.

12
.
NCDN,
September 14, 1937.

13
. Teitler et al., p. 132.

14
.
DSBS,
p. 20.

15
. NDS, vol. 8, p. 56

16
. NDS, vol. 8, p. 55.

17
. NDS, vol. 8, p. 56–57.

18
. The casualty numbers are according to Nishimura Toshio, a Japanese officer sent by Tokyo to inspect the Shanghai front. See, Dai Feng et al.
1937 Zhongri Songhu zhanyi [The 1937 Sino-Japanese Songhu Battle].
Taipei: Zhimingtang, 2011, pp. 70–71. Matsui had somewhat lower figures for casualties at the time. See,
NDS,
vol. 8, p. 50.

19
. Dai Feng, pp. 70–71; Morley, p. 267.

20
. Morley, p. 275.

21
. Dai Feng, p. 72.

22
. Bix, p. 325;
Shina jihen rikugun sakusen, 1, Showa jusan nen ichi gatsu made,
pp. 278–279.

23
. Bix, p. 325.

24
. Bix, p. 325.

25
. Dai Feng, p. 71.

26
. Yuan Ying et al., vol. 2, pp. 46–47.

27
. Yuan Ying et al., vol. 2, pp. 47–48. Later in the campaign, Wu’s unit was withdrawn to the south and took part in further battles to defend Shanghai. He was seriously injured in both legs during the retreat from the city in November.

28
.
DSBS,
pp. 22–23.

29
.
DSBS,
p. 23,
NCDN,
September 16, 1937.

30
.
DSBS,
p. 23.

31
.
Shina jihen rikugun sakusen, 1, Showa jusan nen ichi gatsu made,
p. 279.

32
.
NCDN,
September 18, 1937.

33
.
NCDN,
September 12, 1937.

34
. Yamamoto, p. 42.

35
. “Admiration for Chinese Troops,” Reuters, September 14, 1937.

36
. Farmer, p. 88.

37
. Snow, p. 51.

38
. Snow, p. 50.

39
. Carlson, Evan F.
Evan F. Carlson on China at war, 1937–1941.
Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 2003, pp. 17–18.

40
. Alcott, p. 159.

41
.
China Weekly Review,
September 18, 1937, p. 35.

42
. Abegg, Lily.
Chinas Erneuerung: Der Raum als Waffe.
Frankfurt a. M: Societats-Verlag, 1940, pp. 160–161.

43
. 43. Abegg p. 161.

44
. Bruce, p. 14.

45
.
China Weekly Review,
September 18, 1937, p. 35.

46
. The account of the September 18 raid is based on Gong Yeti, pp. 175–179.

47
.
NCDN,
September 19, 1937.

48
.
NCDN,
September 19, 1937.

49
.
Japanese Monograph No. 166,
p. 81.

50
.
Japanese Monograph No. 166,
pp. 83–87.

51
.
Japanese Monograph No. 166,
pp. 88–90.

52
. Gong Yeti, pp. 179–183.

53
. Gong Yeti, p. 183.

54
. Shen Zui, pp. 69–70.

55
. In fact, Dai Li was a complex figure and meant different things to different people. See, Wakeman, pp. 1–11.

56
. Shen Zui, p. 70. China’s only efficient espionage network in Shanghai had ceased to exist. For the last two months of the campaign, the Chinese were deprived of systematic intelligence about the situation in the enemy camp.

57
. Jiang Zhongzheng,
Kunmian ji,
p. 577.

58
. Zhongguo dier lishi dang’an guan, vol. 1, p. 387.

59
. Dai Feng, p. 76.

60
. Dai Feng, pp. 76–77. See also, Benton, Gregor,
New Fourth Army: Communist Resistance along the Yangtze and the Huai 1938–1941.
Berkeley CA: University of California Press, 1999, p. 116.

61
. Jiang Zhongzheng,
Kunmian ji,
p. 575.

62
.
DSBS,
p. 24.

63
. Li Junshan, pp. 78–79.

64
. Guo Rugui et al., p. 558.

65
. Shi Shuo, p. 96.

66
.
Zhang Suwo, p. 89.

67
.
NCDN,
September 29, 1937.

68
.
NCDN,
September 21, 1937.

69
.
NCDN,
September 16, 1937.

70
.
NCDN,
September 18, 1937.

71
.
NCDN,
September 20, 1937.

72
.
NCDN,
September 15, 1937.

73
.
NCDN,
September 20, 1937.

74
. Snow, p. 50.

75
.
NCDN,
September 19, 1937.

76
.
NCDN,
September 19, 1937.

77
.
Christian Science Monitor,
November 4, 1937.

78
. Ristaino, p. 60, claims that 500,000 refugees were crammed into the International Settlement by early September. This figure seems too large. The Shanghai Public Health Department reported later that by the end of October, nearly two months later, the number of refugees in the city’s 128 camps was 64,189. See,
NCDN,
November 4, 1937. Although it is very likely that large numbers had not been taken in by the camps and were squatting in the streets, it is hard to believe that they would total more than 400,000.

79
. Ristaino, pp. 55, 60–61.

80
.
North China Herald,
September 15, 1937.

81
.
NCDN,
September 19, 1937.

82
.
NCDN,
September 15 and 16, 1937.

83
.
NCDN,
September 13, 1937.

84
.
NCDN,
October 10, 1937.

85
.
NCDN,
September 26, 1937.

86
.
North China Herald,
October 13, 1937.

87
.
Life,
December 20, 1937.

88
.
NDS,
vol. 57, pp. 516–517.

89
.
DSBS,
p. 25; NDS, vol. 8, p. 66.

90
.
NDS,
vol. 8, pp. 66–67.

91
.
DSBS,
p. 25.

92
.
DSBS,
p. 25.

93
.
Shina jihen rikugun sakusen, 1, Showa jusan nen ichigatsu made,
p. 379

94
.
DSBS,
p. 24.

95
.
NDS,
vol. 8, p. 64.

96
. The account of Maebara Hisashi’s unit in the Shanghai area is based on
NDS,
vol. 10, pp. 35–36.

C
HAPTER
S
IX
: V
ERDUN OF THE
E
AST

1
. The following account is based on
Huodao Jingfu riji
[
Ogishima Shizuo’s Diary]
.
Xindian, Taiwan: Lixu wenhua, 2005, pp. 44–56.

2
.
Shina jihen rikugun sakusen, 1, Showa jusan nen ichi gatsu made,
p. 379.

3
. Hattori Satoshi with Edward J. Drea. “Japanese Operations from July to December 1937,” in
The Battle for China,
pp. 172, 512.

4
.
Shina jihen rikugun sakusen, 1, Showa jusan nen ichi gatsu made,
p. 380.

5
. Chen Cheng, 1987, p. 15.

6
.
DSBS,
p. 26.

7
. Hattori, pp. 173–174.

8
.
DSBS,
p. 26.

9
. NDS, vol. 8, p. 85.

10
. NDS, vol. 8, pp. 85–86.

11
. Yan Yinggao. “Yu Wenzaobang zhendi gongcunwang” [“Defending the Wusong Creek Front with One’s Life”], in BSK, pp. 280–281. 12.

12
. Contemporary sources often referred to it as the Salt Division because it was funded by the revenues from the government’s salt monopoly.