Sex and Punishment: Four Thousand Years of Judging Desire (57 page)

6
McGinn,
Prostitution
, 24–25; Staples,
Good Goddess
, 110; Pomeroy,
Goddesses
, 208–9; Lactantius,
Divine Institutes
, bk. 1, sec. 20.

7
Flavius Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 18.65–80; Edwards, “Unspeakable Professions,” 73; McGinn,
Prostitution
, 62–63, 168–69, 217–18; Cassius Dio,
Roman History
, 60.31.1; Seneca,
De Beneficiis
, 6.32.1; Edwards,
Politics of Immorality
, 61–62; Suetonius,
Lives, Tiberius
, 35; Habinek and Schiesaro,
Roman Cultural Revolution
, 29; Tacitus,
Annals
, 2.85.

8
Cassius Dio,
Roman History
, 56.25.7–8; Suetonius,
Lives, Nero
, 27, and
Caligula
, 40; Cantarella,
Bisexuality
, 174; Brundage,
Law, Sex, and Christian Society
, 105, 121; Robinson,
Penal Practice
, 165–66.

9
Tannahill,
Sex in History
, 125ff.; Dupont,
Daily Life
, 114–18; McGinn,
Prostitution
, 72–73, 146, 171, 192; Suetonius,
Lives, Augustus,
65–69; Cassius Dio,
Roman History
, 54.16; Rousselle, Porneia, 85–88; Edwards, “Unspeakable Professions,” 75; Parker, “Teratogenic Grid,” 50–51; Blume,
Annotated Justinian Code
; Suetonius,
Lives, Tiberius
, 44–45; Brundage,
Law, Sex, and Christian Society
, 99–119.

10
Cantarella,
Bisexuality
, 180; Washburn, “Thessalonian Affair,” 216–19; Williams and Friell,
Theodosius
, 67–68; Ambrose, “Letter to Theodosius”; Gibbon,
Decline and Fall
, 174–75.

11
Cantarella,
Bisexuality
, 150.

12
Parker, “Teratogenic Grid,” 47ff.; Cantarella,
Bisexuality
, 104ff., 160–61, 175, 183–84; Walters, “Invading the Roman Body,” 30; Crompton,
Homosexuality and Civilization
, 131, 144ff.; MacMullen,
Changes
, 182;
Bowers v. Hardwick
, 478 U.S. 186, 197 (1986) (
Burger, C. J., concurring
). Most U.S. sodomy laws would later be struck down by the Supreme Court in
Lawrence v. Texas
, 539 U.S. 558 (2003).

THE MIDDLE AGES: A CROWD CONDEMNED

1
See Brundage,
Law, Sex, and Christian Society
, 70–80; Boswell,
Christianity
, 114–27; Tannahill,
Sex in History
, 136–37.

2
Brundage,
Law, Sex, and Christian Society
, 59ff.; Boswell,
Christianity
, 114; Bullough,
Sexual Variance
, 175–76; I Corinthians: 6–7; Brundage,
Sex, Law, and Marriage
, 196.

3
Augustine,
City of God
, bk. IX, ch. 17, and bk. XIV, ch. 20, 24; Brundage,
Law, Sex, and Christian Society
, 80–84; Augustine,
Confessions
, 8.7.17.

4
Brundage,
Law, Sex, and Christian Society
, 64, 86–87; Bullough and Brundage,
Sexual Practices
, 2–8, 24; Karras,
Sexuality
, 37–42; Ranke-Heinemann,
Eunuchs for Heaven
, 118; Henriques,
Prostitution
, 20–21; Taylor,
Castration
, 190–91; Coon,
Sacred Fictions
, 9.

5
On the subject of the penitentials, see, generally, Payer,
Sex and the Penitentials
; Brundage,
Law, Sex, and Christian Society
, 112, 150–77, 598–601; Tannahill,
Sex in History
, 144; Ranke-Heinemann,
Eunuchs for Heaven
, 118–30, 139; Richards,
Sex, Dissidence
, 28–31; Brundage,
Law, Sex, and Christian Society
, 81–92, 204; Wemple, “Consent and Dissent,” 240; Bullough, “Jus Primae Noctis,” 164; Boswell,
Christianity, Social Tolerance
, 181.

6
Bullough and Brundage,
Sexual Practices
, 141–46; Gravdal,
Ravishing Maidens
, 7; Robinson,
Criminal Law
, 72–73; Ruggiero,
Boundaries of Eros
, 156; Brundage,
Law, Sex, and Christian Society
, 119, 148, 164–65; Wemple, “Consent and Dissent,” 230, 233, 240; Payer,
Sex and the Penitentials
, 42, 117; Karras,
Sexuality
, 51; Carter,
Rape in Medieval England
, 155; Power,
Sex and Marriage
, 19, 46; Lacey and Danny Danziger,
Year 1000
, 172; Paul the Deacon,
History of the Langobards
, 182–83. For more on Henry Aldridge’s comments on rape and pregnancy, see “In Wake of Aldridge’s Comments, Group Works to Stop Reelection” in
The Virginian Pilot
, July 6, 1995.

7
Brundage,
Law, Sex, and Christian Society
, 241, 283, 312, 359, 505–6 (noting a fifteenth-century Italian town that adopted a law requiring men to treat their wives “with marital affection” or lose half of the women’s dowries); Karras,
Sexuality
, 48, 75; Helmholz,
Litigation
, 67–68; Brundage, “Implied Consent,” 248–52.

8
Karras,
Sexuality
, 86, 127; Bullough, “Jus Primae Noctis.”

9
Carter,
Rape in Medieval England
, 36–38, 85, 105, 142–47, 155; Brundage,
Sex, Law, and Marriage
, 73–74; Ruggiero,
Boundaries of Eros
, 92–95. Note that rape was not criminalized throughout England. A fifteenth-century Italian traveler recorded that in Northumberland, men and children slept in fortified towers while leaving their women prey to Scottish bandits. The men reasoned that the worst that could happen to the women was rape, which they did not regard as wrong. See Stone,
Family, Sex and Marriage
, 604–5.

10
Brundage,
Law, Sex, and Christian Society
, 235–41, 457, 563–64; Karras,
Sexuality
, 71, 157; Ruggiero,
Boundaries of Eros
, 146–47; Rider,
Magic and Impotence in the Middle Ages
, 43–44, 79; Brundage, “Playing by the Rules,” 23–41; Brundage,
Sex, Law, and Marriage
, 407–23.

11
Bullough and Bullough,
Sexual Attitudes
, 206–7; Henriques,
Prostitution
, 42–50; Richards,
Sex, Dissidence
, 126; Horne,
Seven Ages of Paris
, 39; Karras,
Sexuality
, 69, 105–6; Ruggiero,
Boundaries of Eros
, 185; Brundage,
Sex, Law, and Marriage
, 825–45; Brundage,
Law, Sex, and Christian Society
, 465–66, 524–25; Karras,
Common Women,
19.

12
Brundage,
Sex, Law, and Marriage
, 827; Brundage,
Law, Sex, and Christian Society
, 465; Karras,
Sexuality in Medieval Europe
, 104; Ruggiero,
Boundaries of Eros
, 72–83; Henriques,
Prostitution
, 38; Wemple, “Consent and Dissent,” 239. Note that medieval Naples had a special Court of Prostitutes, which resolved disputes in the whoring trade. The court was probably set up to guard prostitutes from abuse, but it soon degenerated into an official shakedown machine. Innocent girls were found on the streets by agents of the court and flung into jail, regardless of their offenses. They were held there until someone could come and pay for their release. Prominent citizens were also blackmailed by the court. See Sanger,
History of Prostitution
, 160–61; Henriques,
Prostitution
, 54–55.

13
Boswell,
Same-Sex Unions
, 253, 279–89; Boswell,
Christianity
, 169–70; Cantarella,
Bisexuality
, 184; Payer,
Sex and the Penitentials
, 135–39; Brundage,
Law, Sex, and Christian Society
, 121–22, 398–99, 473, 533; Hussey,
Paris
, 76–78; Burg,
Gay Warriors
, 68–69.

14
Trachtenberg,
Devil and the Jews
, 44, 48–52, 100–5, 175, 187, 213; Klaits,
Servants of Satan
, 20; Brundage,
Law, Sex, and Christian Society
, 399, 473, 534; Boswell,
Christianity
, 15–17, 277–93; Brundage,
Sex, Law, and Marriage
, 39.

15
Ruggiero,
Boundaries of Eros
, 111–13, 134.

16
Davidson, “Sodomy in Early Modern Venice,” 67.

17
Karras,
Sexuality in Medieval Europe
, 132–38; Boes, “On Trial for Sodomy,” 27–45; Davidson, “Sodomy in Early Modern Venice,” 65–81, Ruggiero,
Boundaries of Eros
, 111–22; Monter, “Sodomy: The Fateful Accident,” 192–216.

18
Brundage,
Law, Sex, and Christian Society
, 400; Crompton, “Myth,” 11–25; Karras,
Sexuality in Medieval Europe
, 110–11, 143; Karras and Boyd, “Ut Cum Muliere,” 101–16; Montaigne,
Complete Works
, 1059; Ruggiero,
Boundaries of Eros
, 136, 195; Crompton,
Homosexuality and Civilization
, 246–47.

19
Boswell,
Christianity
, 230–32, 298–300; Karras,
Sexuality in Medieval Europe
, 7–10; Foucault,
History of Sexuality
, 43.

20
See, generally, Tulchin, “Same-Sex Couples,” 613–47; Boswell,
Same-Sex Unions
, 182–85, 190–91, 240–65; Eskridge, “History of Same-Sex Marriage,” 1419–1513; Montaigne,
Complete Works
, 1165; Ladurie,
Peasants of Languedoc
, 35.

GROPING TOWARD MODERNITY: THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD, 1500–1700

1
Stone,
Family, Sex and Marriage
, 530–31, 539, 559; see also Wilmot’s “impromptus” on Charles II in John Wilmont,
Works
, 86.

2
Martin Luther,
Familiar Discourses
, 256; Hull,
Sexuality
, 20–25; Klaits,
Servants of Satan
, 79–81; Brundage,
Law, Sex, and Christian Society
, 207, 536, 554–57, 563–69, 587, 571; Roper, “Luther”; Karant-Nunn and Wiesner-Hanks,
Luther
, 157; Posner,
Sex and Reason
, 51; Tannahill,
Sex in History
, 334.

3
Stone,
Family, Sex, and Marriage
, 98–99, 144–45, 519, 631; Martin Ingram,
Church Courts, Sex and Marriage in England
, 69, 161, 212, 254–55, 294, 315; Wrightson and Levine,
Poverty and Piety
, 110ff.; Kermode and Walker,
Women, Crime and the Courts
, 33.

4
Stone,
Family, Sex, and Marriage
, 147, 520, 634–35; Ingram,
Church Courts
, 261–67; Wrightson and Levine,
Poverty and Piety
, 126ff.; Fissell,
Vernacular Bodies
, 191; Manzione,
Sex in Tudor London
, 96.

5
Ingram,
Church Courts
, 165, 295–96, 302, 313–15; Poos, “Sex, Lies,” 602–4; Kermode and Walker,
Women, Crime and the Courts
, 32, 35, 57–58, 61–62; Stone,
Family, Sex and Marriage
, 93–94, 143–46, 623; Wrightston and Levine,
Poverty and Piety
, 110ff.; Ingram,
Church Courts
, 163–65.

6
Hull,
Sexuality
, 16–17, 25–28, 41–43, 66–71, 79, 81, 95–98, 104–5; see also the Bavarian decree of September, 20, 1635, against fornication, adultery, swearing, etc.: Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, München, General Registratur Faszikel 321 Nummer 7 in Hull,
Sexuality
, 96; Hunt,
Governing Morals
, 1; Ingram,
Church Courts
, 151; Stone,
Family, Sex and Marriage
, 631–33; Burg,
Boys at Sea
, 2–3.

7
DeJean,
Reinvention of Obscenity
, 4, 9, 124–25; see also Donald Thomas’s introduction in Millot and L’Ange,
School of Venus
; “Sexy ‘Venus’ May Be Oldest Figurine Yet Discovered,” Reuters, May 13, 2009; Bullough and Bullough,
Sexual Attitudes
, 183–85. I thank Paula Findlen for the lovely turn of phrase “masturbating to the classics”; see Findlen, “Humanism, Politics,” 52, 57, 81, 95–98; Talvacchia,
Taking Positions
(which delves into the provenance of the drawings in
Aretino’s Postures
); Vignali,
La Cazzaria
.

8
DeJean,
Reinvention of Obscenity
, 39–41, 41–56, 62–63, 78; Rousseau,
Confessions
—interestingly, Rousseau was referring to women reading while masturbating, not men; Donald Thomas, introduction to Millot and L’Ange,
School of Venus
, 57; Hunt,
Governing Morals
, 113, 116–17; Millot and L’Ange,
School of Venus,
11, 14, 22–23; 62–63; Pepys,
Diary
, entry for February 9, 1669.