Secret Life of the Grown-Up Brain (28 page)

Read Secret Life of the Grown-Up Brain Online

Authors: Barbara Strauch

Tags: #Science, #General

BOOK: Secret Life of the Grown-Up Brain
12.52Mb size Format: txt, pdf, ePub
 
Mroczek, Daniel K., and Christian M. Kolarz. “The Effect of Age on Positive and Negative Affect: A Developmental Perspective on Happiness.”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
75, no. 5 (1998): 1333-49.
 
Deykin, Eva Y., Shirley Jacobson, Gerald Klerman, and Maida Solomon. “The Empty Nest: Psychological Aspects of Conflict between Depressed Women and Their Grown Children.”
American Journal of Psychiatry
(1966): 1422-26.
 
“The ‘New’ Pat Nixon.”
Ladies’ Home Journal,
February 1962, 124-25.
 
Bedford, V. H. “Sibling Relationships in Middle Adulthood and Old Age.” In
Handbook on Aging and the Family
, edited by R. Blieszner and V. H. Bedford, 201-22. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1995.
 
Bedford, V. H. “Sibling Relationship Troubles and Well-Being in Middle and Old Age,”
Family Relations
47 (1998): 369-76.
 
Bedford, V. H. “Ambivalence in Adult Sibling Relationships,”
Journal of Family Issues
10, no. 2 (1989): 221-24.
 
Goode, Erica. “New Study Finds Middle Age Is Prime of Life.”
New York Times,
February 16, 1999, sec. F, 6.
 
Clay, Rebecca A. “Researchers Replace Midlife Myths with Facts.” APA 324, April 2003.
 
Gallagher, Winifred. “Midlife Myths.”
Atlantic Monthly
, May 1993, 51-68. Rasky, Susan F. “Corporate Psychologist: Elliott Jaques, His ideas on Work Take Hold.”
New York Times,
February 17, 1985, sec. 3, p. 8.
 
Lavietes, Stuart. “Elliott Jaques, 86, Scientist Who Coined ‘Midlife Crisis.’ ”
New York Times,
March 17, 2003, sec. B, obituary, 7.
 
Updike, John.
Rabbit Redux.
New York: Ballantine Books, 1971.
 
Sheehy, Gail.
Passages
. New York: Bantam Books, 1974.
 
Chew, Peter.
The Inner World of the Middle-Aged Man
. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co, Inc., 1976.
6 What Changes with Time
This chapter was based on extensive interviews with dozens of scientists investigating the aging brain, as well as findings from a number of groundbreaking studies. The main studies and articles I used:
 
Burke, Deborah M., Donald G. Mackay, Joanna S. Worthley, and Elizabeth Wade. “On the Tip of the Tongue: What Causes Word Finding Failures in Young and Older Adults.”
Journal of Memory and Language
30 (1991): 542-79.
 
James, Lori E., and Deborah M. Burke. “Phonological Priming Effects on Word Retrieval and Tip-of-the-Tongue Experience in Young and Older Adults.”
Journal of Experimental Psychology, Learning, Memory and Cognition
26 (2001): 1378-91.
 
Burke, Deborah M., Jill Kester Locantore, Ayda A. Austin, and Bryan Chae. “Cherry Pit Primes Brad Pitt, Homophone Priming Effects on Young and Older Adults’ Production of Proper names.”
Psychological Science
15, no. 3 (2004): 164-70.
 
Burke, Deborah M., and Meredith A. Shafto. “Language and Aging.” Chapter to appear in
The Handbook of Aging and Cognition,
edited by F. I.M. Craik and T. Salthouse. London: Taylor and Francis, forthcoming.
 
Warner, Judith. “A Hole in the Head.”
New York Times,
November 25, 2007.
http://warner.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/11/22/a-hole-in-the-head
.
 
Gazzaley, Adam, Jeffrey W. Cooney, Jesse Rissman, and Mark D. Esposito. “Top-Down Suppression Deficit Underlies Working Memory Impairment in Normal Aging.”
Nature Neuroscience
8, no. 10 (2005): 1298-1300.
 
Gazzaley, Adam, and Mark D’Esposito. “Top-Down Modulation and Normal Aging.”
Annals of New York Academy of Sciences
1097 (2007): 67-83.
 
Grady, Cheryl L., Mellanie V. Springer, Donaya Hongwanishkul, Anthony R. McIntosh, and Gordon Winocur. “Age-related Changes in Brain Activity Across the Adult Lifespan.”
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
18 (2006): 227- 41.
 
Moore, Tara L., Ronald J. Killiany, James G. Herndon, Douglas L. Rosene, and Mark B. Moss. “Executive System Dysfunction Occurs as Early as Middle-Age in the Rhesus Monkey.”
Neurobiology of Aging
27 (2006): 1484-93.
 
Moore, Tara L., Ronald J. Killiany, James G. Herndon, Douglas L. Rosene, and Mark B. Moss. “Impairment in Abstraction and Set-Shifting in Aged Rhesus Monkey.”
Neurobiology of Aging
24, no. 1 (January-February 2003): 125-34.
 
Sowell, Elizabeth R., Bradley S. Peterson, Paul M. Thompson, Suzanne E. Welcome, Amy L. Henkenius, and Arthur W. Toga. “Mapping Cortical Change across the Human Life Span.”
Nature Neuroscience
6, no. 3 (March 2003): 309-15.
Begley, Sharon. “The Upside of Aging.”
Wall Street Journal,
February 16, 2007.
 
Hedden, Trey, and John D. E. Gabrieli. “Insights into the Aging Mind: A View from Cognitive Neuroscience.”
Nature Reviews Neuroscience
5 (2004): 87-96.
 
Raz, Naftali, and Karen M. Rodrigue. “Differential Aging of the Brain: Patterns, Cognitive Correlates and Modifiers.”
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
30 (2006): 730-48.
 
Raz, N., U. Lindenberger, K. M. Rodrigue, K. M. Kennedy, D. Head. A. Williamson, C. Dahle, D. Gerstorf , and J. D. Acker. “Regional Brain Changes in Aging, Healthy Adults: General Trends, Individual Differences and Modifiers.”
Cerebral Cortex
15 (2005): 1676-89.
 
Craik, F.I.M., and T. A. Salthouse, eds. “Aging of the Brain and Its Impact on Cognitive Performance: Integration of Structural and Functional Findings.” In
Handbook of Aging and Cognition
II, 1-90. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2000.
 
Kim, Sunghan, Lynn Hasher, and Rose T. Zacks. “Aging and a Benefit of Distractibility.”
Psychological Bulletin Review
2 (April 14, 2007): 301-305. Healey, M. Karl, Karen L. Campbell, and Lynn Hasher. “Cognitive Aging and Increased Distractibility: Costs and Potential Benefits.”
Progress in Brain Research
169 (2008): 353-63.
 
 
Some material in this chapter also came from the “Summit on Cognitive Aging” in Washington, D.C., October 10-12, 2007.
7 Two Brains Are Better Than One
Cabeza, Roberto, Cheryl L. Grady, Lars Nyberg, Anthony R. McIntosh, Endel Tulving, Shitj Kapur, Janine M. Jennings, Sylvian Houle, and Fergus I. M. Craik. “Age-Related Differences in Neural Activity During Memory Encoding and Retrieval: A Positron Emission Tomography Study.”
Journal of Neuroscience
17, no. 10 (January 1, 1997): 391-400.
 
Cabeza, Roberto, Nicole D. Anderson, Jill K. Locantore, and Anthony R. McIntosh. “Aging Gracefully: Compensatory Brain Activity in High-Performing Older Adults.”
NeuroImage
17 (2002): 1394-1402.
 
Cabeza, Roberto. “Hemispheric Asymmetry Reduction in Older Adults: The HAROLD Model.”
Psychology and Aging
17, no. 1 (2002): 85-100.
 
Cabeza, Roberto, Sander M. Daselaar, Florin Dolcos, Steven E. Prince, Matthew Budde, and Lars Nyberg. “ Task-Independent and Task-Specific Age Effects on Brain Activity During Working Memory, Visual Attention and Episodic Retrieval.”
Cerebral Cortex
14, no. 4 (2004): 364-375.
 
Reuter-Lorenz, Patricia A., and Cindy Lustig. “Brain Aging: Reorganizing Discoveries About the Aging Mind.”
Current Opinion in Neurobiology
15 (2005): 245-51.
 
Cohen, Gene. “The Myth of the Midlife Crisis.”
Newsweek,
January 16, 2006.
 
Park, D. C., T. A. Polk, R. Park, M. Menear, A. Savage, and M. R. Smith. “Aging Reduces Neural Specialization in Ventral Visual Cortex.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)
101(35) 13091-13095, 2004.
 
Park, Denise, and Patricia Reuter-Lorenz. “The Adaptive Brain: Aging and Neurocognitive Scaffolding.”
Annual Reviews Psychology
60, no. 21.1 (2009): 21-24.
 
Cohen, Gene D.
The Mature Mind
. New York: Basic Books, 2005.
 
Park, D. C., R. C. Welsh, C. Marshuetz, A. H. Gutchess, J. Mikels, and T. A. Polk. “Working Memory for Complex Scenes: Age Differences in Frontal and Hippocampal Activations.”
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
15, no. 8 (2003): 1122-34.
 
Reuter-Lorenz, P. A., and K. Cappell. “Neurocognitive Aging and the Compensation Hypothesis.”
Current Directions in Psychological Science
18, no. 3 (2008): 177-81.
 
Reuter-Lorenz, P. A., J. Jonides, E. E. Smith, A. Hartley, A. Miller, and C. Marshuetz. “Age Differences in the Frontal Lateralization of Verbal and Spatial Working Memory Revealed by PET.”
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
12, no. 1 (2000): 174-87.
 
Lu, Tao, Ying Pan, Shyan-Yuan Kao, Cheng Li, Isaac Kohane, Jennifer Chan, and Bruce A. Yankner. “Gene Regulation and DNA Damage in the Aging Human Brain.”
Nature
429 (June 24, 2000): 883-91.
 
Yankner, Bruce. “The Aging Brain: Gene Expression in Middle Age May Hold Clues to Cognitive Decline.”
On the Brain: The Harvard Mahoney Neuroscience Institute Letter
12, no. 2 (Spring 2006): 2-3.
 
 
Some material in this chapter also came from the “Summit on Cognitive Aging” in Washington, D.C., October 10-12, 2007.
8 Extra Brainpower
Snowdon, David.
Aging with Grace
. New York: Bantam, 2001.
 
Mortimer, J. A. “Brain Reserve and the Clinical Expression of Alzheimer’s Disease.”
Geriatrics
52 (1993): 50-53.
 
Snowdon, David A. “Healthy Aging and Dementia: Findings from the Nun Study.”
Annals of Internal Medicine
139, no. 5 (December 2, 2003): 450-54.
 
Snowdon, D. A., L. H. Greiner, and W. R. Markesbery. “Linguistic Ability in Early Life and the Neuropathology of Alzheimer’s Disease and Cerebrovascular Disease.” Findings from the Nun Study,
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
903 (2000): 34-38.
 
Melton, Lisa. “Use it, Don’t Lose it.”
New Scientist
, December 17, 2005, 32-35.
 
Katzman, Robert, Robert Terry, Richard DeTeresa, Theodore Brown, Peter Davies, Paula Fuld, Xiong Renbing, and Arthur Peck. “Clinical, Pathological and Neurochemical Changes in Dementia: A Subgroup with Preserved Mental Status and Numerous Neocortical Plaques.”
Annals of Neurology
23 (1988): 138-34.
 
Katzman, R., M. Aronson, P. Fuld, et al. “Development of Dementing Illnesses in an 80-year-old Volunteer Cohort.”
Annals of Neurology
25 (1989): 317-24.
 
Katzman, R. “Education and the Prevalence of Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease.”
Neurology
43 (1993): 13-20.
 
Hill, L. R., M. R. Klauber, D. P. Salmon, E.S.H. Yu, W. T. Liu, M. Zhang, and R. Katzman. “Functional Status, Education and the Diagnosis of Dementia in The Shanghai Survey.”
Neurology
43 (1993): 138- 45.
 
Zhang, Mingyaun, Robert Katzman, David Salmon, Hua Jin, Guojun Cai, Zhengyu Wang, Guangya Qu. “The Prevalence of Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease in Shanghai, China: Impact of Age, Gender and Education.”
Annals of Neurology
27, no. 4 (1990): 428-37.
 
Kolata, Gina. “A Surprising Secret to a Long Life: Stay in School.”
New York Times,
January 3, 2007.
 
Stern, Yaakov, Barry Gurland, Thomas Tatemichi, Ming Xin Tang, David Wilder, and Richard Mayeux. “Influence of Education and Occupation on the Incidence of Alzheimer’s Disease.”
Journal of the American Medical Association
271, no. 13 (April 6, 1994): 1004, 1010.
 
Scarmeas, N., S. M. Albert, J. J. Manley, and Y. Stern. “Education and Rates of Cognitive Decline in Incident Alzheimer’s Disease.”
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry
77 (2005): 308-16.
 
Stern, Y., G. E. Alexander, I. Prohovnik, and R. Mayeux. “Inverse Relationship between Education and Parietotemporal Perfusion Deficit in Alzheimer’s Disease.
Annals of Neurology
32 (1992): 371-75.
 
Alexander, G. E., M. L. Furey, C. L. Grady, et al. “Association of Premorbid Function with Cerebral Metabolism in Alzheimer’s Disease: Implications for the Reserve Hypotheses.”
American Journal of Psychiatry
154 (1997): 165-72.
 
Stern, Y., G. E. Alexander, I. Prohovnik, et al. “Relationship between Lifetime Occupation and Parietal Flow: Implications for a Reserve Against Alzheimer’s Disease Pathology.”
Neurology
45 (1995): 55-60.
 
Stern, Yaakov, Nikolaos Scarmeas, and Chistian Habeck. “Imaging Cognitive Reserve.”
International Journal of Psychology
39, no. 1 (2004): 18-36.
 
Scarmeas, Nikolaos, Eric Zarahn, Karen Anderson, Lawrence S. Honig, Aileen Park, John Hilton, Joseph Flynn, Harold A. Sackeim, and Yaakov Stern. “Cognitive Reserve—Mediated Modulation of Positron Emission Tomographic Activations during Memory Tasks in Alzheimer Disease.”
Archives of Neurology
61 (January 2004): 73-78.
 
Scarmeas, Nikolaos, Eric Zarahn, Karen Anderson, Chistian G. Habeck, John Hilton, Joseph Flynn, Karen S. Marder, et al. “Association of Life Activities with Cerebral Blood Flow in Alzheimer’s Disease.”
Archives of Neurology
60 (March 2003): 365-69.
 

Other books

Neptune's Ring by Ali Spooner
Redeeming Vows by Catherine Bybee
Sixty Days to Live by Dennis Wheatley
The Private Wife of Sherlock Holmes by Carole Nelson Douglas
Dear Abby by Barnett, Peggy
Snow White Blood Red by Cameron Jace
The Side of the Angels by Christina Bartolomeo, Kyoko Watanabe