Sams Teach Yourself C in 24 Hours (2 page)

Statements ........................................................................................................45

Statement Blocks ..............................................................................................45

Anatomy of a C Function ......................................................................................46

Determining a Function’s Type ........................................................................46

Giving a Function a Valid Name ......................................................................47

Passing Arguments to C Functions ..................................................................47

The Beginning and End of a Function ............................................................48

The Function Body ..........................................................................................48

Making Function Calls ..........................................................................................49

Summary ................................................................................................................51

Q&A ......................................................................................................................52

Workshop ..............................................................................................................52

Quiz ..................................................................................................................52

Exercises ..........................................................................................................53

Hour 4 Understanding Data Types and Keywords

55

C Keywords ..........................................................................................................56

The char Data Type ..............................................................................................57

Character Variables ..........................................................................................58

Character Constants..........................................................................................58

The Escape Character (\) ..................................................................................59

Printing Characters ..........................................................................................60

The int Data Type ................................................................................................62

Declaring Integer Variables ..............................................................................62

Showing the Numeric Values of Characters ....................................................63

The float Data Type ............................................................................................64

Declaring Floating-Point Variables ..................................................................64

The Floating-Point Format Specifier (%f) ........................................................65

The double Data Type ..........................................................................................67

Using Scientific Notation ......................................................................................67

Naming a Variable..................................................................................................68

Summary ................................................................................................................68

Q&A ......................................................................................................................68

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Contents

vii

Workshop ..............................................................................................................69

Quiz ..................................................................................................................69

Exercises ..........................................................................................................70

Hour 5 Handling Standard Input and Output

71

Understanding Standard I/O ................................................................................72

Getting Input from the User ..................................................................................72

Using the getc() Function ..............................................................................72

Using the getchar() Function ........................................................................74

Printing Output on the Screen ..............................................................................75

Using the putc() Function ..............................................................................75

Another Function for Writing: putchar() ......................................................77

Revisiting the printf() Function..........................................................................78

Converting to Hex Numbers ............................................................................79

Specifying the Minimum Field Width..............................................................81

Aligning Output................................................................................................83

Using the Precision Specifier ..........................................................................84

Summary ................................................................................................................85

Q&A ......................................................................................................................86

Workshop ..............................................................................................................86

Quiz ..................................................................................................................87

Exercises ..........................................................................................................87

Part II Operators and Control-flow Statements

89

Hour 6 Manipulating Data

91

Arithmetic Assignment Operators ........................................................................92

The Assignment Operator (=) ..........................................................................92

Combining Arithmetic Operators with = ..........................................................92

Getting Negations of Numeric Values ..................................................................95

Incrementing or Decrementing by One ................................................................96

Greater Than or Less Than? ..................................................................................98

Using the Cast Operator ......................................................................................101

Summary ..............................................................................................................102

Q&A ....................................................................................................................102

Workshop ............................................................................................................103

Quiz ................................................................................................................103

Exercises ........................................................................................................103

Hour 7 Working with Loops

105

The while Loop ..................................................................................................106

The do-while Loop..............................................................................................107

Looping Under the for Statement ......................................................................109

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Sams Teach Yourself C in 24 Hours

The Null Statement ..............................................................................................112

Using Complex Expressions in a for Statement............................................113

Using Nested Loops ............................................................................................116

Summary ..............................................................................................................118

Q&A ....................................................................................................................118

Workshop ............................................................................................................119

Quiz ................................................................................................................119

Exercises ........................................................................................................120

Hour 8 Using Conditional Operators

121

Measuring Data Sizes ..........................................................................................122

Everything Is Logical ..........................................................................................124

The Logical AND Operator (&&) ....................................................................124

The Logical OR Operator (||) ......................................................................126

The Logical NEGATION Operator (!) ..........................................................128

Manipulating Bits ................................................................................................129

Converting Decimal to Hex or Binary ..........................................................129

Using Bitwise Operators ................................................................................130

Using Shift Operators ....................................................................................133

What Does x?y:z Mean? ....................................................................................135

Summary ..............................................................................................................137

Q&A ....................................................................................................................137

Workshop ............................................................................................................138

Quiz ................................................................................................................138

Exercises ........................................................................................................138

Hour 9 Working with Data Modifiers and Math Functions

141

Enabling or Disabling the Sign Bit......................................................................142

The signed Modifier ......................................................................................142

The unsigned Modifier ..................................................................................143

Changing Data Sizes............................................................................................145

The short Modifier ........................................................................................145

The long Modifier ..........................................................................................145

Adding h, l, or L to printf and fprintf Format Specifiers..........................147

Mathematical Functions in C ..............................................................................148

Calling sin(), cos(), and tan() ....................................................................149

Calling pow() and sqrt() ..............................................................................150

Summary ..............................................................................................................152

Q&A ....................................................................................................................153

Workshop ............................................................................................................154

Quiz ................................................................................................................154

Exercises ........................................................................................................154

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Contents

ix

Hour 10 Controlling Program Flow

155

Always Saying “if…” ..........................................................................................156

The if-else Statement ..................................................................................158

Nested if Statements......................................................................................160

The switch Statement..........................................................................................161

The break Statement............................................................................................164

Breaking an Infinite Loop....................................................................................166

The continue Statement ......................................................................................167

The goto Statement..............................................................................................168

Summary ..............................................................................................................170

Q&A ....................................................................................................................170