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| 61 | James Lunt, Bokhara Burnes , London, 1969, p. 39. |
| 62 | The two cousins may have spelled their surnames differently, but were in fact closely related. |
| 63 | Thanks to Craig Murray for pointing out that Burnes was not educated at the Trades School as Kaye had maintained. |
| 64 | Alexander Burnes, Travels into Bokhara, Being the Account of a Journey from India to Cabool, Tartary and Persia, also a Narrative of a Voyage on the Indus from the Sea to Lahore , London, 1834, vol. I, p. 127. |
| 64 | Hopkins, The Making of Modern Afghanistan , p. 51. |
| 66 | Jacquemont, Letters from India , pp. 171–3. |
| 67 | Burnes, Travels into Bokhara , vol. I, p. 132. |
| 68 | Ibid., p. 143. |
| 69 | Ibid., p. 144. |
| 70 | Lunt, Bokhara Burnes , p. 49. The dray horses were all dead by 1843. According to Norris, they ‘died in luxury, far from their Kentish meadows, from over-feeding’: First Afghan War , p. 47. See also Yapp, Strategies , pp. 247, 208. |
| 71 | Sir John William Kaye, Lives of Indian Officers , vol. II, pp. 231–3. |
| 72 | Burnes, Travels into Bokhara , vol. II, p. 334. |
| 73 | Lafont, Indika , p. 343. |
| 74 | Burnes, Travels into Bokhara , vol. II, pp. 313, 341; vol. III, p. 185. |
| 75 | Ibid., vol. II, pp. 330–2. |
| 76 | Quoted in Norris, First Afghan War , p. 57. |
| 77 | BL, OIOC, Enclosures to Secret Letters (ESL) 3: no. 69 of no. 8 of 2 July 1832 (IOR/L/PS/5/122), Wade to Macnaghten, 11 May 1832. |
| 78 | Ibid. |
| 79 | Ibid., attached letter, ‘Translation of a note from Shah Shoojah ool Moolk to Hajee Moolah Mahomed Hussein, the Shah’s Agent with Capt. Wade’. |
| 80 | BL, OIOC, F/4/1466/5766, Extract Fort William Political Consultations of 12 February 1833: Shah Shuja to the Secretary and Deputy Secretary to Govt, received 18 December 1833, and F/4/1466/57660, Macnaghten to Fraser, 8 December 1832. |
| 81 | BL, OIOC, Board’s Collections, F/4/1466/57660, no. 52479. |
| 82 | BL, OIOC, IOR/P/BRN/SEC/372, Item 34 of Bengal Secret Consultations, 19 March 1833, From the Governor General to Dost Mahomed, written 28 February 1833. |
| 83 | Waqi’at-i-Shah Shuja , The Thirty-Second Event. |
| 84 | Lafont, Indika , p. 351. |
| 85 | Cited in Kapadia, ‘The Diplomatic Career of Sir Claude Wade’, pp. 178–9. |
| 86 | Mirza ‘Ata, Naway Ma’arek , p. 146. |
| 87 | Waqi’at-i-Shah Shuja , The Thirty-Third Event. |
| 88 | NAI, Foreign, Secret Consultations, 10 April 1834, no. 20. |
| 89 | Ibid. |
| 90 | Mirza ‘Ata, Naway Ma’arek , p. 148. |
| 91 | Ibid., pp. 148–62. |
| 92 | NAI, Foreign, Political Consultations, 5 September 1836, nos 9–19, Minute of Charles Trevelyan. Trevelyan and Arthur Conolly were the ones who really formed the Indus Policy of Lords Ellenborough and Auckland. |
| 93 | Macintyre, Josiah the Great , p. 18. |
Chapter 3: The Great Game Begins
| 1 | Elizabeth Errington and Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, From Persepolis to the Punjab: Exploring Ancient Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan , London, 2007, p. 5. |
| 2 | George Rawlinson, A Memoir of Major-General Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson , London, 1898, p. 67. |
| 3 | Royal Geographical Society, Rawlinson Papers, HC2, Private Journal Commenced from 14 June 1834, entry for 24 October 1834. |
| 4 | Ivan Fedorovitch Blaramberg, Vospominania , Moscow, 1978, p. 64. |
| 5 | Yapp, Strategies , pp. 138–9. |
| 6 | I. O. Simonitch, Précis historique de l’avènement de Mahomed-Schah au trône de Perse par le Comte Simonitch, ex-Ministre Plénipotentiaire de Russie á la Cour de Téhéran , Moscow, 1967, quoted by Alexander Morrison, Twin Imperial Disasters: The Invasion of Khiva and Afghanistan in the Russian and British Official Mind, 1839–1842 (forthcoming). |
| 7 | Sir John MacNeill, The Progress and Present Position of Russia in the East , London, 1836, p. 151. |
| 8 | Rawlinson, Memoir , p. 67. |
| 9 | Ibid., p. 68. |
| 10 | NAI, Foreign, Secret Consultations, 17 October 1838, nos 33–4. |
| 11 | Rawlinson, Memoir , p. 68. |
| 12 | NAI, Foreign, Secret Consultations, 17 October 1838, nos 33–4. |
| 13 | Errington and Curtis, From Persepolis to the Punjab , p. 5. |
| 14 | NAI, Foreign, Secret Consultations, 17 October 1838, nos 33–4. |
| 15 | Blaramberg, Vospominania , p. 60; Melvin Kessler, Ivan Viktorovitch Vitkevich 1806–39: A Tsarist Agent in Central Asia , Central Asia Collectanea, no. 4, Washington, DC, 1960, pp. 5–8; V. A. Perovsky, A Narrative of the Russian Military Expedition to Khiva under General Perofski in 1839 , trans. from the Russian for the Foreign Department of the Government of India, Calcutta, 1867; Mikhail Volodarsky, ‘The Russians in Afghanistan in the 1830s’, Central Asian Survey , vol. 3, no. 1 (1984), p. 72. |
| 16 | ‘Peslyak’s Notes’, Istorichesky Vestnik , no. 9, 1883, p. 584. |
| 17 | Letter from V. A. Perovsky, Military Governor of Orenburg, to K. K. Rodofinikin, head of the Asian Department at the Ministry of the Foreign Affairs, 14 June 1836, quoted by N. A. Khalfin, predislovie k sb. Zapiski î Bukharskom Khanstve (preface to Notes on the Khanate of Bukhara), Moscow, 1983. |
| 18 | Blaramberg, Vospominania , p. 60. |
| 19 | Perovsky, A Narrative of the Russian Military Expedition to Khiva , pp. 73–5. Morrison in Twin Imperial Disasters points out that this passage was in fact written by Ivanin, not Perovsky. |
| 20 | Khalfin, Zapiski î Bukharskom Khanstve (Notes on the Khanate of Bukhara) |
| 21 | Blaramberg, Vospominania , p. 60. |
| 22 | Khalfin, Zapiski î Bukharskom Khanstve (Notes on the Khanate of Bukhara). |
| 23 | Volodarsky, ‘The Russians in Afghanistan in the 1830s’, p. 70. |
| 24 | Khalfin, Zapiski î Bukharskom Khanstve (Notes on the Khanate of Bukhara). |
| 25 | Volodarsky, ‘The Russians in Afghanistan in the 1830s’, pp. 73–4. |
| 26 | Ibid., p. 70; Morrison, Twin Imperial Disasters , pp. 16–17. |
| 27 | Khalfin, Zapiski î Bukharskom Khanstve (Notes on the Khanate of Bukhara). |
| 28 | Cited by Morrison in Twin Imperial Disasters , p. 16. |
| 29 | Volodarsky, ‘The Russians in Afghanistan in the 1830s’, p. 72. |
| 30 | N. A. Khalfin, Vozmezdie ozhidaet v Dzhagda (Drama in a Boarding House), Voprosy Istorii , 1966, No. 10; also Yapp, Strategies , p. 234. The original source for this is Duhamel’s memoirs. |
| 31 | Kessler, Ivan Viktorovitch Vitkevich , p. 12. |
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