Restless Giant: The United States From Watergate to Bush v. Gore (89 page)

28
. Andrew Hacker, “How Are Women Doing?”
New York Review of Books
, April 11, 2002, 63–66;
New York Times
, Jan. 17, 1998.

29
. For feminism in these years, see Ruth Rosen,
The World Split Open: How the Modern Women’s Movement Changed America
(New York, 2000).

30
. Nathan Glazer, “The Future of Preferential Affirmative Action,” in Phyllis Katz and Dalmas Taylor, eds.,
Eliminating Racism: Profiles in Controversy
(New York, 1987), 329–40.

31
.
New York Times
, March 26, 2001.

32
. This was the Hyde Amendment. It restricted the use of federal funds under the federal-state Medicaid program, except in cases where an abortion was necessary to save a woman’s life or where pregnancy had been caused by promptly reported rape or incest. These stipulations were upheld by a five-to-four vote of the Supreme Court in 1980 (
Harris v. McRae
, 448 U.S. 297).

33
. Jane Mansbridge,
Why We Lost the ERA
(Chicago, 1986); Barbara Ehrenreich,
The Worst Years of Our Lives: Irreverent Notes from a Decade of Greed
(New York, 1990), 150–53. Many women, too, opposed the ERA, worrying that feminist causes posed a danger to family life. Opponents of the ERA were strongest in the South: Ten of the fifteen states that never ratified the amendment were southern.

34
.
New York Times Almanac, 2003
, 332–33;
Stat. Abst., 2002
, 368, 370. In 2001, 74.4 percent of men were in the American labor force.

35
. In 1948, he had picked William Coleman to be his clerk at the Court. Coleman was the first African American to hold such a position.

36
. Victor Fuchs,
Women’s Quest for Economic Equality
(Cambridge, Mass., 1988), 1–4, 141;
New York Times
, Feb. 17, 2003.

37
. Fuchs,
Women’s Quest for Economic Equality
, 140–41.

38
.
Stat. Abst., 2002
, 373.

39
. Fuchs,
Women’s Quest for Economic Equality
, 120–21, 130–38.

40
. Arlie Hochschild with Anne Machung,
The Second Shift: Working Parents and the Revolution at Home
(New York, 1989).

41
. Hochschild,
The Second Shift
, 2–3, 25–26, 214–15. Not much appeared to change in later years. A Labor Department survey of full-time workers (aged twenty-five to fifty-four) in 2004 concluded that women employed outside the home spent twice as much time (three hours a day) as men doing household chores and taking care of children.
New York Times
, Sept. 15, 2004.

42
. Eric Schlosser,
Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the American Meal
(Boston, 2001).

43
.
New York Times
, Aug. 25, 1999.

44
. Hochschild,
Second Shift
, x, 204–7.

45
. And to $2.49 million by opening day of 2004.
Providence Journal
, April 4, 2004. See also Charles Korr,
The End of Baseball as We Knew It: The Players Union, 1960–1981
(Urbana, 2002).

46
. Bruce Schulman,
From Cotton Belt to Sun Belt: Federal Policy, Economic Development, and the Transformation of the South, 1938–1980
(New York, 1991); Joshua Zeitz, “Dixie’s Victory,”
American Heritage
, Aug./Sept. 2002, 46–55.

47
. Raymond Arsenault, “The End of a Long Hot Summer: The Air Conditioner and Southern Culture,”
Journal of Southern History
50 (Nov. 1984), 597–628.

48
. Cited in Bruce Schulman,
The Seventies: The Great Shift in American Culture, Society, and Politics
(New York, 2001), 112.

49
. Robert Samuelson,
The Good Life and Its Discontents: The American Dream in the Age of Entitlement, 1945–1995
(New York, 1995), 37.

50
. Frances FitzGerald,
Cities on a Hill: A Journey Through Contemporary American Cultures
(New York, 1986), 17.

51
. $1,298 was equivalent to $4,500 or more in the early 2000s.

52
. Thomas McCraw,
American Business, 1920–2000: How It Worked
(Wheeling, Ill., 2000), 194–95; Timothy May, “Culture, Technology, and the Cult of Tech in the 1970s,” in Bailey and Farber, eds.,
America in the Seventies
, 208–27; Frum,
How We Got Here
, 70.

53
. For Viking I, see
New York Times
, July 21, 1976.

54
. See
chapter 11
.

55
. Mike Coppock, “Oil from the Land of the Midnight Sun,”
American History
39 (Oct. 1994), 40–48.

56
.
Stat. Abst., 2002
, 422.

57
. Joseph Nye,
Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power
(New York, 1990), 74–78; Robert Collins,
More: The Politics of Economic Growth in Postwar America
(New York, 2000), 130–31.

58
. (New York, 1970). A later, best-selling lament about American decline was Paul Kennedy’s
The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000
(New York, 1987). See
chapter 6
.

59
. Service sector jobs rose to become an estimated 80 percent of all jobs in America’s private sector by 2000.
New York Times
, Nov. 30, 2003.

60
. Robert Samuelson, “The Age of Inflation,”
New Republic
, May 13, 2002, 32–41; Frank Levy,
The New Dollars and Dreams: American Incomes and Economic Change
(New York, 1998), 59.

61
. Alfred Eckes Jr. and Thomas Zeiler,
Globalization in the American Century
(New York, 2003), 199.

62
. In 2000, Chrysler, in trouble again, was bought by Daimler Benz, a German company, and then became DaimlerChrysler.

63
. Godfrey Hodgson,
More Equal than Others: America from Nixon to the New Century
(Princeton, 2004), 207–9.

64
.
Stat. Abst., 2002
, 441.

65
. McCraw,
American Business
, 163–64;
New York Times
, Feb. 17, 2003. Better benefits offset some of this stagnation, but not enough to enable many of these workers to move ahead.

66
. Nelson Lichtenstein,
State of the Union: A Century of American Labor
(Princeton, 2002), 80–84, 202.

67
.
Stat. Abst., 2002
, 410. These numbers exclude stoppages involving fewer than 1,000 workers and lasting less than one day.

68
. These numbers plummeted in the 1990s, to between 4 and 5 million days idle between 1990 and 1998 and to 2 million in the prosperous year of 1999. Ibid.

69
. Lichtenstein,
State of the Union
, 186;
Stat. Abst., 2002
, 412.

70
. Lichtenstein,
State of the Union
, 197.

71
. Samuelson, “The Age of Inflation.”

72
. McCraw,
American Business
, 156–57; Michael Bernstein, “Understanding American Economic Decline: The Contours of the Late Twentieth Century Experience,” in Bernstein and David Adler, eds.,
Understanding American Economic Decline
(New York, 1994), 3–33.

73
.
New York Times
, April 4, 2004.

74
. Samuelson, “Age of Inflation,” noted that the percentage of Americans in the stock market decreased during the 1970s from 15 to 13.

75
. Robert Self,
American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland
(Princeton, 2003), 319–27.

76
. Haynes Johnson,
Sleepwalking Through History: America in the Reagan Years
(New York, 1991), 68.

77
. Schulman,
The Seventies,
210–12.

78
. Samuel Walker,
The Rights Revolution: Rights and Community in Modern America
(New York, 1998), 180–83.

79
. See Edward Berkowitz,
Disabled Policy: America’s Programs for the Handicapped
(New York, 1987).

80
. This was done, but Quinlan was able to breathe on her own. She remained in a coma for almost ten years before dying from pneumonia at the age of thirty-one in 1985.

81
. David Whitman,
The Optimism Gap: The I’m OK—They’re Not Syndrome and the Myth of American Decline
(New York, 1998), 55–58; Daniel McMurrer and Isabel Sawhill, “The Declining Importance of Class,” Urban Institute Report no. 4 (April 1997).

82
. “The Me Decade and the Third Great Awakening” (1976), rpt. in Wolfe,
The Purple Decades
(New York, 1983), 265–96.

83
. Subtitled
American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations
(New York, 1979).

84
. Ibid., 213.

85
. For discussion of these complaints see Mary Ann Glendon,
Rights Talk: The Impoverishment of Political Discourse
(New York, 1991).

86
. For material relating to newspapers, see Glendon,
Rights Talk,
x; for television, Putnam,
Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community
(New York, 2000), 221–22; for Sun City, FitzGerald,
Cities on a Hill
, 203–45. For discussion of the uses of public space, niche advertising, and consumerism, see Lizabeth Cohen,
A Consumer’s Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America
(New York, 2002), 288–309.

87
. Putnam,
Bowling Alone,
140.

88
.
Providence Journal,
Nov. 22, 2003. For Kennedy’s assassination, see Gerald Posner,
Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK
(New York, 1993); and Max Holland,
The Kennedy Assassination Tapes: The White House Conversations of Lyndon B. Johnson Regarding the Assassination, the Warren Commission, and the Aftermath
(New York, 2004).

89
. Richard Powers, “The Failure,”
New York Review of Books
, April 29, 2004, 4–6.

90
. John Greene,
The Presidency of Gerald R. Ford
(Lawrence, Kans., 1995), 107–15.

91
. Richard Powers, “A Bomb with a Long Fuse: 9/11 and the FBI ‘Reforms’ of the 1970s,”
American History
39 (Dec. 2004), 43–47.