Resistance (41 page)

food

allocation amounts,
58
,
64
,
161
–162,
203
n37

denial of for “misdeeds,”
87

inadequate supply of,
51
–52,
59
–60

for “missing Jews” of Skarzyn,
29
–30

sale of to Jewish,
33
–34

smuggling/sharing in ghettos,
65
,
164

women's role in providing,
55

forest life

Adrejewskie forests,
97

Belarus forests,
40
,
84
,
94
–96,
207
n17

Bratnik forest,
37
–39

encirclement of forest partisans,
114
–117

Katyn Forest mass graves,
181

Lipiczanska forest,
120

Nalibocka forest,
113
,
114
–115

Polish forests,
41
–42,
43
–44

Pruszkov forest,
90

Frank, Anne,
7
–8

Frank, Martina,
144

Frank, Vincent,
144

Franz, Kurt,
151

Freiburg work camp,
193

Frenzel, Karl August, apology of,
153

Freund-Waldhorn, Dobka,
60
–61

Friedman, Philip, research of,
13
–14,
53

Frohlich, Julek,
60
–61

Fryman, Chaim, assistance to ghetto escapees,
175

Fuchs, Herta (Ligeti),
138

Gaertner, Alla,
137
,
138
–139,
142

Galewski, Bernard,
152

Gancwajch, Abraham,
178

German Army

acts of kindness by soldiers,
192
–194

attempts to collect arms,
91
–92

encirclement of forest partisans,
114
–117

executions of POWs,
84

German occupation/oppression

1943 increase in persecution,
28

as cause of Polish migration,
25

developing view of,
44

discussion at World Zionist Congress (1939),
47

elimination of Jewish leaders,
5

goal of humiliation,
27

inability of Jews to undermine,
10

initial Jewish view of,
32

lives of Jewish women under,
50

persecution of Jewish men under,
26
,
50

purpose of,
4
,
6

responses to,
3
,
17
,
28

German POW exchange scheme,
177
–178

Gestapo

arrest of Bela Chazan Yaari,
123

arrest of Jan Karski,
185

arrest of Jurek Wilner,
166

cruelty of,
187

discovery of Grojecka Street bunker,
83

Giterman, Itzchak, death in Warsaw ghetto,
66

GL.
See
Gwardia Ludowa

Glazar, Richard

escape from Treblinka,
151
–152

experience at Treblinka,
146
–147

hesitation to be interviewed,
144
–145

plans for Treblinka uprising,
150
–151

time in Teresianstadt,
149

on Treblinka culture,
149

Goebbels, Joseph, view of Polish,
26

Gomerski, Hubert,
155
–156

Gradowski, Henryk, assistance to Jurek Wilner,
166

Graf, Judith, in Soviet partisan movement,
94
–95

Grodno, Poland, Bela Chazan Yaari's visits to,
123

Grojecka Street bunker,
68
,
83

guerrilla fighters,
205
n1,
206
n2

Gusev, Yasha, anti-Semitism of,
99

Gutman, Israel

arrival in Auschwitz/Birkenau,
130

fear of torture,
139

publications on Warsaw Ghetto revolt,
14
–15

suspicion of Euen Koch,
138

view of AK,
184

view of crematorium IV uprising,
136

view of Kommando revolt,
143
–144

work in underground,
130
–132

Guzik, David,
177

Gwardia Ludowa (GL)

acceptance of Jewish fighters,
80

development of Armia Ludowa,
45

in Southeastern Poland,
44

Zygmunt Rytel's work with,
22

Halperin, Ada,
137

Hashomer Hatzair

Aba Kovner and,
6

Ciechanow Jewish resistance group and,
127

Israel Gutman as member,
130
–131

Leah Silverstein as member,
161
,
162

Mordechai Anielewicz and,
73

response to deportations,
72

Roza Robota as member,
134

Tosia Altman as member,
178
–179

Yosef Kaplan as member,
165

Hehalutz organization,
122

Heinsolor, Miriam, work with
Å»
OB,
163

Henryk “Shmendryk.”
See
Smolar, Hersh

Heydrich, Reinhard, order for Judenrat,
49

hiding places, in ghettos,
66
–67,
76
,
88
,
90

Hilberg, Raoul

The Destruction of European Jews
,
8
–9

omission of facts in research,
10

as promoter of Jewish complicity,
11
–12

Himmler, Heinrich, destruction of ghettos,
77
–79

Hitler, Adolf, view of Polish,
26
,
206
n7

Holocaust scholars, moderate approach of,
15

Holocaust survivors, self-reported reasons for survival,
191

Holocaust trials, Richard Glazar's testimony at,
152
–153

Holuj, Tadcuszkj, transfer to Auschwitz,
126

Home Army (AK)

anti-Semitic policies of,
42
–43,
104
,
117
–118

Antoni Zieleniewski's work with,
30

claim of Jewish assistance,
184

cooperation with Jewish partisans,
43

Jan Karski's work with,
183

role in occupied Poland,
42

support of Auschwitz rebellion plans,
129
,
131

view of ghetto uprising,
78
–79

Zygmunt Rytel's work with,
22

honorable death,
75
,
81

Hotel Polski,
177

House Committees (Warsaw ghetto), mutual aid activities by,
62
–63

humanitarian activities

effect on Jewish morale,
58
–59

in Jewish ghettos,
57
,
58
,
62

as resistance effort,
13

infanticide,
60
–61,
207
n17

International Military Tribunal (1945–46), lack of discussion of Jews,
2

Iser, Shmuel,
173

Izbica Lubelska,
185

Jagiellonian University, persecution of Polish elites at,
160

January Aktion,
79

JDC.
See
American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee

Jewish annihilation

disbelief of,
6

distinct stages of,
34
–35,
47

for German economic benefit,
21

ghettos as first step,
52

origins of plan for,
26

renewed concentration on,
60

world leaders' knowledge of,
186
,
187
,
188

Jewish children, efforts to protect,
60
–62

Jewish civilians, routine murder by Germans,
26

Jewish complicity

assertions of,
2

assumption of,
15

Hannah Arendt's interpretation of,
8
–9,
11

New Year's Manifesto (1942) and,
7

Jewish concentration camp inmates, dire conditions faced by,
126
–127

Jewish Councils.
See
Judenrat

Jewish Fighting Organization (
Å»
OB)

elimination of collaborators,
72
–73

Mila 18 headquarters,
173

turning point for,
78

Warsaw headquarters,
172
–173

in Warsaw uprising,
80

work in ghettos,
76
–77

Jewish Fighting Union, in Warsaw uprising,
80

Jewish ghettos

1947 death sentence mandate,
57

burials in,
165

conditions in,
52
–53,
54
,
58
,
66
,
161
–162

deportations from,
54
–55,
67
–71

deportation survivor shame in,
71
–72,
76

early rumors about,
52

effect on cooperation,
5

efforts to protect children in,
62
–63

escape from,
175

as first step to Jewish annihilation,
52

food allocation in,
59
–60,
64
,
161

hiding places in,
66
–67,
76

instability of,
54

labor system in,
59

manipulation of inmates in,
57
–58

murder of “useless” Jews in,
60
,
67

mutual aid activities in,
57
,
58
,
62

preventing food smuggling in,
65

prohibition against procreation,
60

survival in,
53
–54

underground movement in,
62

women's contribution to survival in,
55
–56

See also
Warsaw ghetto

Jewish Historical Institute (Warsaw),
22

Jewish laborers, maltreatment/disappearance of,
32
–33

Jewish men

as chief enemies of Third Reich,
26
,
50

effect of ghettos on,
55

Jewish Military Union (
Å»
ZW),
72
,
73
,
77

Jewish passivity

arguments for,
11
–12

assumption of,
1
–2,
15

Isaiah Trunk's research on,
14

mythology of,
6

Nathan Eck's views on,
12

Jewish people

inattention to post-war fates of,
3

lack of post-war recognition as victims,
2

as Nazi collaborators,
3
,
4

Jewish refugees, in Soviet-occupied Polish territories,
48
–49,
50
,
184

Jewish resistance

as armed struggle,
15
,
148
–149

in Auschwitz,
127

day-to-day survival as,
13

differing chronology of,
4

effect of topography on,
5

German retaliation to,
3

ingenious strategies of,
10
,
15
,
155
–156

Israel Gutman's research on,
14
–15

lack of post-war recognition of,
2

multiplicity of forms,
12
–13

Raoul Hilberg,
9
–10,
11
–12

readiness of,
81

reality of,
190

Ruben Ainsztein's writings on,
14

search for cooperative parties,
4

Soviet aid to,
40

view of Jewish youth,
75

Jewish Resistance in Nazi Occupied Eastern Europe
(Ainsztein),
14

Jewish Scout organization,
160

Jewish “self-hatred,”
200
n19

Jewish underground

AK claim of assistance to,
184

disbelief in extermination,
6

leadership of,
5
–6

organization of,
75
–76

Jewish youth organizations, supply of underground leadership,
5
–6

Jodla detachment (AK),
105

Judenrat

corruption among members,
53

diverse reactions of,
14

executions of,
50

female members of,
50

inmates' view of,
53

Isaiah Trunk's research on,
14

lack of support for underground,
5

as Nazi instrument,
9

order for establishment of,
49

Phillip Friedman's research on,
13
–14

Raoul Hilberg and,
8
–9

refusal to accept ghetto conditions,
58

requirement to supply laborers,
32
–33,
59
,
87

role in ghettos,
62

July Aktion

“Bloody Thursday,”
206
n11

mass murders during,
86
–87

response of survivors,
87

Kahn, Eliahu, work in House Committee,
63

Kaminski, Yakov,
127
,
128
–129,
132

Kamionka, Poland,
32
,
34

Kampel, Mania,
210
n52

Kampfgruppe
(Struggle Group),
128
–129,
131
,
132
–135