Relentless Pursuit

Contents

Title Page

Dedication

1. Lockdown

2. The School and the Movement

3. You're in the Army Now

4. The Men of Locke

5. Locked In

6. Dropping Out

7. What the Hell Am I Doing?

8. Disillusionment

9. The Corps

10. Who Do You Screw?

11.
¡Sí Se Puede!

12. Rats on a Ship

13. The Road Show

14. Significant Gains

15. The End

Epilogue

Acknowledgments

A Note About the Author

Copyright

To the loves in my life:

Jim, my rock
James, my light
Dad, my hero
And my mother, whom I miss every day

CHAPTER ONE

Lockdown

When the lights went off in room 241 during her fourth-period special ed biology class, Rachelle didn't think anything of it. The bells seemed to ring constantly at Locke High School. Why should she expect the lights to work?

This Monday was the first day of the first full week of the first year of the first job of her professional life. Never mind that she had had only five weeks of training. Over the summer, Rachelle Snyder, psychology major and former captain of the University of Pennsylvania soccer team, had become Miss Snyder—or sometimes just Miss—special education teacher at Locke High School in Watts. The transition had been surprisingly easy to make. Except for the fifteen pounds she gained, Teach For America's “institute,” aka boot camp, didn't bother her. It was like soccer training: she woke up early, worked hard, got the job done. She was exhausted—they all were. But during breaks, when other teachers-in-training were having panic attacks, Rachelle would catnap on the concrete benches that line the walkway along Locke's inner quad, her long blond hair bunched up beneath her head like a pillow, trousers rolled up, her pale skin bathed in the harsh white light of the L.A. sun.

The day had started well. She'd gotten to school early, reviewed her lesson plan, and made sure that the desks were still arranged in clusters of four, exactly the way she'd left them on Friday. The morning had flown by. The kids in the early periods were attentive, eager to please. She particularly liked her girl-heavy third period. Three fourteen-year-olds had children of their own at home, and a fourth was pregnant. She found that out after she had the kids make peanut butter and jelly sandwiches as a way to introduce the idea of steps and procedures in science. “You think I don't know how to make peanut butter sandwiches?” asked one girl. “I got a baby at home and he always be screamin' for them.”

Maybe it was Rachelle's blond hair and light blue eyes—the girls seemed drawn to her. Some even brought their friends to the classroom to get a look. “See!” they squealed. “She looks just like a Barbie doll!” Rachelle couldn't access their computerized Individualized Education Programs (IEPs), the government-mandated plans of instruction and services specially tailored to meet the specific needs of each student with a diagnosed learning disability. So she had no way of knowing how these smart, streetwise girls had come to be sitting there, hanging on her every word.

She had a pretty good idea how the twenty boys in her fourth-period class got there. They were in special ed because their behavior interfered with their ability to learn. It was certainly interfering with her ability to teach. These boys were rude, crude, and disrespectful. She didn't think it had anything to do with her gender, her race, or her youth. She was reasonably certain that they behaved badly with every authority figure.

It was only five days into the school year, and she felt she was already losing control of period four. She had been wrestling with how to handle all her special ed kids, but these boys were especially troubling. Her instinct was to try to win them over with kindness. They'd probably had enough tough single women in their lives. She wanted to show them something else.
Do I continue to be nice? If I do, will they break me?
As the boys straggled in, shorts hanging low on their hips, T-shirts on inside out, some with do-rags hugging their heads, she felt tense.

She worried about two of her African American students—cousins Martel and Deangelo—who'd almost gotten jumped on their way to school the Friday before. The boys had come into class that day subdued, scared to leave the building unless she walked them out.
What will they be like today?

Then there was Raúl. Last week she'd handed out a survey asking generic questions about the kids' goals and attitudes toward school. Raúl's response stopped her cold. He said he hated teachers and liked to “kill.” He drew a picture of a building with a boy on top firing a rifle. The bubble said “Die Fucker.” There were stick figures on the ground running away from the words “Kill, Kill, Kill.” Rachelle grabbed the seating chart and was surprised to find that the artist was a quiet little Latino kid, one of the few boys in class who didn't cause trouble. He kept his head down and his eyes averted. She didn't think he was looking for attention with his threatening handiwork; she thought he was an emotionally disturbed boy who needed help. She alerted the principal, Dr. Frank Wells, immediately. He seemed on top of things, but Raúl was one of some 3,100 kids in his charge.
Will Raúl be in class today? Will he have killing on his mind?

Five, ten minutes had passed before everyone was seated. The day's lesson was about the scientific method. The kids were going to test the manufacturer's claim that the fertilizer Miracle-Gro was guaranteed to produce especially hardy plants. Each group of four was given seeds, a pot of soil, and a bucket of water. Only half the class had shown up, but Rachelle was actually relieved. The fewer there were, the more easily she could maintain control. After explaining the project, she'd moved from group to group—praising those busy at work, gently scolding those who were fooling around. The room hummed with the sound of the kids' voices as they prepared their pots. Rachelle began to relax.

Then the lights went off. At first it didn't seem like cause for alarm, but within minutes Rachelle could hear the sound of kids running up and down the stairwell and along the hallway outside her room. Her students heard the commotion, too. Suddenly, the vibe in the classroom changed. The kids were uneasy, distracted. The air felt charged, the room dangerous.

Rachelle peeked out the door. Students were literally running wild, shouting and jumping one another in the darkness. Graffiti artists had whipped out their markers and were signing the walls with gleeful abandon. The security guard who usually sat within ten feet of Rachelle's room was missing. She slammed the door shut.

“You are not leaving,” she said to her students, her voice rising in fear. “Sit down. Let's get back to work.”

But the kids were unsettled. Some were at the door, clamoring to get out. Others circled the desks, itching for trouble. When told to sit, they refused. When ordered to continue working, they said the experiment sucked. Rachelle tried to keep teaching. As she bent over to inspect one kid's pot, her T-shirt inched up her back, revealing a patch of bare white flesh above her hip-huggers. Dante, a tall, skinny black boy, made a farting noise. The classroom erupted in laughter. Encouraged, he announced in a high-pitched voice that he had to pee. Rachelle told him he was forbidden to leave the classroom.

Dante insisted that if he was not allowed to leave, he would pee in the classroom. As he began to lower his pants, the kids taunted him: “It's so small! Your dick is so small!” They dared him to make good on his threat. “She wants you! She wants to see you! Do it, do it! You want to do it!” they chanted.

He did it. Dante urinated in a water bucket right in the middle of Miss Snyder's class. Rachelle ordered the entire class out of the room: “You guys need to leave. NOW! Dante, you need to stay.”

“I want to transfer out of this class,” said one boy as he left the room.

“It sucks.”

“What about me?” pleaded Dante. “Can I get out of here?”

         

Things were different on the third floor. In room 301 there were only ten minutes left of Phillip Gedeon's geometry lesson when the screen for the LCD projector went blank. The classroom lights were already off; the new teacher assumed he had blown a fuse by running his personal Apple laptop and the school projector simultaneously. He wrapped up his lesson and gave his students their homework. As the kids prepared to leave, the sound of their chatter rose to a low rumble. Phillip stood stock-still, a finger raised to his lips.

“There is NO TALKING in this class,” he said. “There needs to be silence. You need to be quiet. I'll wait.” A stopwatch hung on a red cord around his neck. His new white shirt was still crisp, and the crease in his black trousers would have passed military muster. The noise stopped as abruptly as it had begun.

After less than a week on the job, Phillip was earning a reputation as one of the best of Locke's Teach For America recruits. During institute, TFA's summer training session, observers had streamed into Gedeon's summer school classroom. “Impressive,” “very strong,” and even “revolutionary” were the words used in his assessments. He had graduated weeks before from Connecticut College with a dual degree in mathematics and race relations. He had also taken education courses and ended his senior year by student teaching, so he was ahead of the pack when he entered Teach For America.

He had been nervous about starting his teaching career at Locke, but his nervousness came from concerns about working conditions at the troubled high school—not from doubts about his ability as a teacher. He wondered about the history of violence there, about the issue of crowding, about the teachers, about edgy race relations between the black and Latino students. But every time those thoughts seemed to take over, he reminded himself of the larger truth.
I have these kids for
170
days. There's a lot to accomplish. This is make-or-break time.

From the beginning, his priority had been to establish order; once he had absolute authority over his students, he would teach. So he had spent much of the first few days of the school year laying out his expectations for student behavior and academic achievement. He was very direct. He listed his “nonnegotiables.” Students could not speak without raising their hands. Students could not leave their seats without permission. Pencils were to be sharpened before class began. His rules were effective immediately. On the second day of school, students who came late to class were disciplined. Those slow to comply with Phillip's directions were told to leave the room. It was working. Just five days into the school year, Phillip seemed to have total control over the forty teenagers crammed into room 301.

Growing up in Springfield, Massachusetts, as the only child of a single black mother, Phillip had dreamed of being a teacher. Long before he had ever heard of Teach For America, he knew that education was the only way out for his people. The approach Teach For America promulgated was the same one that had worked for him as a child of the underclass; teachers had to set the bar high and then invest students with the tools and mind-set to reach it. TFA had been labeled messianic by some: recruits worked long hours, were expected to lead disciplined lives governed by a set of values that included humility and respect, and believed passionately in their mission. Phillip was a true disciple. He considered it a privilege to be a member.

Only days into his life's work, Phillip felt almost giddy. Things were going well. There was no place he would rather be than at Locke High School. His fears about racial tensions on campus had so far not been realized. And though he had been warned that Locke students could present discipline problems—especially in a school so steeped in the macho culture of the gangs—he hadn't encountered anything he couldn't handle.

Phillip concluded the fourth-period class in his usual way. The bell hadn't rung, but he took no notice. He didn't run his classroom on the bell system. He kept his students until the lesson was finished and all was quiet. If kids were late for their next class, it was no concern of his. Satisfied that everything was in order, he announced: “Class is dismissed. Have a nice day.”

With that, Phillip swung open the door. All was quiet. Except for the eerie glow cast by emergency lights, the hallway was pitch-black. The kids hesitated. Phillip did not. He told them to proceed to their next class. The children ventured out into the darkness.

         

It didn't take long for the hallway calm to morph into chaos. Down at the other end of the third-floor corridor, Hrag Hamalian watched as he waited for his fifth-period biology class to arrive. He didn't like what he was seeing. Kids were careening down the windowless hall, screaming and yelling as they collided with one another. Fights were erupting, and there were no adults in sight. He didn't know what to do.
Am I in charge of policing the hallways? Or should I just deal with my own students
?

They kept him busy enough. Fifth period was his nightmare class. When he left school the Friday before, just four days into a two-year commitment with Teach For America, he'd been on the verge of tears. A fight had erupted in his fifth-period class that day, and he had completely mishandled it. It was probably his fault in the first place for not being sensitive to race issues. He wasn't thinking when he seated Cale, a tall, skinny black kid, with three Latino boys. Cale resisted the move, and before Hrag could intervene, he was taking swings at José, a compact Latino kid with a swagger. Hrag held José back and ordered Cale to stop. Then he lost it. He screamed at them both, and as his voice rose he could feel his body heat rising, too, inching up his neck and turning his face bright red. Hrag directed José back to his seat, but Cale was still throwing punches. The boys' anger was infectious; Hrag could feel the adrenaline coursing through his own body. He knew he had to get them out of the room before the other kids got into the action. The class watched in fascination as the two boys tumbled into the hallway. Hrag was physically fit—he had been a wrestler in high school—but he couldn't separate them. Finally, Hrag called security. When the fifty-year-old female guard arrived, his heart sank. He couldn't handle even one of these kids—how was she supposed to manage two? It came as no surprise when Cale squirmed out of her hold and bolted away.

In the end, Cale ended up in the dean's office, where he was suspended. José resumed his seat in class. Order in room 308 was restored, but Hrag was rattled. Later he learned that he had botched the whole episode. The rules at Locke were clear—even if they had never been communicated to him. First, the teacher never leaves the classroom unattended. Second, if a fight erupts, both kids go to the office and both are suspended. Third, teachers don't touch kids, not even with a finger. Hrag had allowed José to return to his seat because José had stopped when Hrag asked him to. But the way he handled his first crisis in the classroom had sent all the wrong messages. Hrag feared that it looked bad to the administration that he had felt compelled to send a kid to the dean's office so early in the school year. Worse, it signaled to his students that he was vulnerable. Hrag knew that if he didn't get a grip, if he didn't earn their respect quickly, this misstep would follow him through the entire year.