Reformers to Radicals (45 page)

11
. Report of the Area Director to the NE. KY. Council, September 21, 1965, AV Papers, box 26.

12
. Ibid.

13
. Ibid.

14
. Lee W. Taylor, Area Program Director, Northeast Kentucky Area Development Council, to Alan Zuckerman, CSM, September 23, 1965, AV Papers, box 26.

15
. Memorandum, Eastern Kentucky Report, Frank Prial to Bill Haddad, OEO, June 7, 1965, attached to Memorandum, Bill Haddad to Ted Berry, June 11, 1965, AV Papers, box 27. Prial's report is also in Office of Economic Opportunity Papers (hereafter OEO Papers), “Appalachia,” National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.

16
. Ibid.

17
. Ibid.

18
. Ibid.

19
. Memorandum, Jack Ciaccio to Sidney Woolner, June 21, 1965, AV Papers, box 27. The same letter is also preserved in OEO Papers, National Archives II, College Park, MD.

20
. Memorandum, Jack Ciaccio to Sidney Woolner, June 21, 1965 (quotes), OEO Papers/AV Papers, box 27; Glen, “The War on Poverty in Appalachia,” 42–43.

21
. Jack Ciaccio to Sidney Woolner, June 21, 1965, OEO Papers/AV Papers, box 27.

22
. Appalachian Volunteer Community Case Studies, Verda—Learning to Live and Work Together (Part of the OEO Demonstration Grant Proposal), AV Papers, box 3; Jack Ciaccio to Sidney Woolner, June 21, 1965 (quotes), OEO Papers/AV Papers, box 27.

23
. [The Fonde Volunteer] to Perley Ayer, August 13, 1966, AV Papers, box 31 (first quote); Appalachian Volunteer–Vista Associate End-of-Service Questionnaire, [ca. August/September 1966], AV Papers, box 31 (second quote). Owing to an agreement with the Berea College Archives, I am unable to reveal the name of this Volunteer.

24
. “[Report:] Linda and I went back to Fonde . . .” [The Fonde Volunteer to Dan Fox], [ca. fall 1966], AV Papers, box 31. All surnames have been omitted from this statement.

25
. [Interview with Residents of Weeksbury, KY], [ca. 1965], AV Papers, box 33.

26
. Ellen Weisman to [Dan] Fox, [ca. October 1965], AV Papers, box 35.

27
. Ibid. (first quote); Ellen Weisman to Dan Fox, February 26, 1966 (second quote), AV Papers, box 35. On the phenomenon of quiescence, see Gaventa,
Power and Powerlessness
,

28
. AV Background Information, [Chapter] VII Case Study—Report on Verda, [ca. 1966] (Daugherty's statements), AV Papers, box 8; Oral History Interviews with George Brosi, November 3, 1990, Berea, KY, and Flem Messer, October 26, 1990, Danville, KY, WOP Oral History Project.

29
. The new Appalachian Volunteer outlook can be found in AV Background Information, [ca. 1966], AV Papers, box 8, and Notes on the Appalachian Volunteers, [ca. 1967], AV Papers, box 13.

30
. Memorandum, P. F. Ayer to All Staff Members, November 1, 1965, AV Papers, box 34; Memorandum, Eastern Kentucky Report, Frank Prial to Bill Haddad, OEO, June 7, 1965 (last quote), AV Papers, box 27. See also Jack Ciaccio to Sidney Woolner, June 21, 1965, OEO Papers/AV Papers, box 27.

31
. AV Background Information, [Chapter] VII Case Study—Report on Verda, [ca. 1966] (quote), AV Papers, box 8.

32
. Donald R. Fessler, President, CSM Board of Directors, to Members of the C.S.M. Board of Directors, April 18, 1966, AV Papers, box 5. On the drawbacks to the move to Bristol, see Disadvantages—Tri-Cities, [ca. 1966], AV Papers, box 4.

33
. Donald R. Fessler to Members of the C.S.M. Board of Directors, April 18, 1966 (Fessler quote), AV Papers, box 5; Advantages—Tri-Cities, [ca. 1966], AV Papers, box 4 (other quotes).

34
. Horton, “The Appalachian Volunteers,” 51 (committee quote); [Draft of Form Letter to Presidents of Eastern Kentucky Colleges from Perley Ayer], [ca. 1964] (other quotes), CSM Papers, box 104. This document states: “It is the hope that in the end Appalachian Volunteers may became an independent permanent organization.” See also Loyal Jones to Thomas Anderson, Editor in Chief, State Farm Publication, May 26, 1964, CSM Papers, box 100; and Loyal Jones to Brady Black, Editor of the
Cincinnati Enquirer
, April 22, 1964, CSM Papers, box 103. The Kentucky Development Committee was a state-sponsored agency that attempted to coordinate economic development strategies in Kentucky.

35
. Tentative Letter, Perley Ayer to Donald Fessler (Perley Ayer Writes Don Fessler, CSM President), [ca. April 20, 1966], AV Papers, box 5.

36
. Ibid.

37
. Donald R. Fessler to Members of the C.S.M. Board of Directors, April 18, 1966, AV Papers, box 5.

38
. Memorandum, P. F. Ayer to Milton Ogle, March 19, 1964, CSM Papers, box 114.

39
. Memorandum, Perley Ayer to Phil Conn, March 31, 1964, CSM Papers, box 103. Ayer sent a similar memorandum to Flem Messer that same day. See Perley Ayer to Flem Messer, March 3, 1964, AV Papers, box 4. On November 17, 1965, the CSM held another staff meeting that only one AV attended, and then only for a “few minutes.” Ayer questioned whether this nonparticipation was
“an indication of AV attitude.” See Memorandum, Perley Ayer to Milton Ogle, November 20, 1965, AV Papers, box 4. On Wells and Blair, see Memorandum, P. F. Ayer to Milton Ogle, January 27, 1966, AV Papers, box 5.

40
. Memorandum, P. F. Ayer to Milton Ogle, June 25, 1965, AV Papers, box 5. In another communiqué to Ogle, Ayer again reprimanded the AV director for the “evidence that our Appalachian volunteer staff considers itself an independent agency, somewhat disinclined to operate as team members of the Council staff.” See Memorandum, P. F. Ayer to Milton Ogle, March 5, 1965, AV Papers, box 27. See also Memorandum, P. F. Ayer to Mace Crandall, December 30, 1964, CSM Papers, box 103, in which Ayer criticized Crandall for a press release “because of its failure to make any direct implication of the Council as the sponsoring agency [of the AVs].”

41
. You Are Responsible: Some Thoughts on the Appalachian Volunteer Summer Project, [ca. spring 1966], AV Papers, box 5.

42
. Ibid.

43
. Memorandum, P. F. Ayer to Dan Fox, April 9, 1966, AV Papers, box 5.

44
. Ibid.

45
. Memorandum, Daniel Fox to P. F. Ayer, March 7, 1966, AV Papers, box 5.

46
. Ayer to Fox, April 9, 1966, AV Papers, box 5.

47
. Comments on the AV-VISTA Program, [ca. 1966], AV Papers, box 5. Unfortunately, the document does not reveal who the Volunteers “of unquestioned integrity and personal dedication” were.

48
. Ibid.

49
. Ibid. All the Appalachian Volunteers interviewed denied these charges.

50
. Ibid.

51
. On Ayer's attempt to stop the AV move, see Tentative Letter, Perley Ayer to Donald Fessler, [ca. April 1966], AV Papers, box 5. On the “secret meeting,” see Oral History Interview with Loyal Jones, November 19, 1990 (first quote), Berea, KY, WOP Oral History Project. P. F. Ayer to Milton Ogle, May 4, 1966 (second quote), AV Papers, box 5; P. F. Ayer to Milton Ogle, May 2, 1966 (third quote), AV Papers, box 5; P. F. Ayer to Daniel Fox, May 2, 1966 (last quote), AV Papers, box 5.

52
. Letter of Resignation Submitted by Thirteen Members of the AV Staff to Dr. Fessler and Members of the Board, May 3, 1966, AV Papers, box 5; Statement of Don Fox and Milton Ogle to Jim Hampton of the
Louisville Courier-Journal
, May 5, 1966 (Mimeo), AV Papers, box 4.

53
. Memorandum, Perley Ayer to [CSM] Board of Directors, June 3, 1966, AV Papers, box 5.

54
. Oral History Interview with Loyal Jones, November 19, 1990, Berea, KY, WOP Oral History Project.

55
. Joe Barker to Loyal Jones, May 24, 1966, AV Papers, box 5.

56
. Southern Conference Educational Fund, the Southern Mountain Project,
a Statement of Purpose and Program, September 1, 1967, AV Papers, box 10. On the increasing radicalization of protest in the United States at this time, see esp. Matusow,
The Unraveling of America;
and Anderson,
The Movement and the Sixties
,

1
. Oral History Interview with Joe Mulloy, November 11, 1990, Huntington, WV, WOP Oral History Project.

2
. Ibid. For additional comments concerning how the CSM sought to give its early AVs “meaningful experiences,” see Oral History Interview with Roslea Johnson, June 24, 1991, Des Moines, IA, WOP Oral History Project.

3
. Oral History Interview with Joe Mulloy, November 11, 1990, Huntington, WV, WOP Oral History Project.

4
. First General Membership Meeting of Appalachian Volunteers, Southeastern Christian College, May 15, 1966, AV Papers, box 7.

5
. Perley Ayer to Theodore Berry, OEO, May 12, 1966, AV Papers, box 5; Perley Ayer to Sidney Woolner, OEO, May 12, 1966, AV Papers, box 5; Perley Ayer to Milton Ogle, June 8, 1966, AV Papers, box 4; Memorandum, P. F. Ayer to CSM Board of Directors, June 3, 1966, AV Papers, box 5. The final figures for AV funding in June 1966 are contained in Milton Ogle to Dunn & Bradstreet, Inc., June 21, 1966, AV Papers, box 22.

6
. Harry M. Caudill to Milton Ogle, May 4, 1966, AV Papers, box 21.

7
. On the demographics of the summer project, see Memorandum, Milton Ogle to George Peck, September 20, 1967, AV Papers, box 27; and Daniel Fox to John G. Collins III, July 20, 1966, AV Papers, box 33. On the community intern program, see Whisnant,
Modernizing the Mountaineer
, 192; and Horton, “The Appalachian Volunteers,” 72.

8
. Memorandum, Milton Ogle to Sanford Kravitz and Padraic Kennedy, December 17, 1965 (second and third quotes), AV Papers, box 26; and Memorandum, Sanford Kravitz and Padraic Kennedy to Dan Fox and Milt Ogle, December 2, 1965 (first and last quotes), AV Papers, box 26.

9
. Michael Kline to Manuel Strong, Assistant Director, Middle Kentucky Area Community Action Program, June 17, 1966 (quote), AV Papers, box 31; [Report of the AV Summer 1966 Project], [1966], AV Papers, box 8. The schools listed on this report were Elkhorn, Buffalo, Barewallow, Evarts, Kidlow, Jones Creek, Verda, Black Starr, Persimmon Fork, Baker's Fork, Bear Creek, and Goose Creek. See also Cases of Group Action, Place: Whitley County, Kentucky, October 1966, AV Papers, box 21. This report also highlighted activity in Wolfe and Breathitt counties.

10
. Ayer, “College Volunteers to Serve Appalachia”; Whisnant,
Modernizing the Mountaineer
, 193.

11
. Community Action Program Application—Component 2: Appalachian Volunteer Community Interns [attached to A Proposal to the OEO . . . Demonstration Grant for AV Program, 1965], AV Papers, box 3.

12
. Ibid. (quote); Guidelines for Community Councils, [1966], AV Papers, box 8.

13
. Community Action Program Application—Component 3: Appalachian Volunteers Summer Project 1966 [attached to A Proposal to the OEO . . . Demonstration Grant for AV Program, 1965], AV Papers, box 3.

14
. Whisnant,
Modernizing the Mountaineer
, 191. Unfortunately, Whisnant does not reveal who these fieldmen were. Robert Coles, Brief and Over-All Evaluation of the Appalachian Volunteers during the Summer of 1966, AV Papers, box 12.

15
. Flem Messer to Bankers Trust Co., New York, September 12, 1966, AV Papers, box 27; Robert Coles to Dan Fox, July 25, 1966, AV Papers, box 12; James E. Clay to John Gaines, August 30, 1966, and Bristol Office to John Gaines, December 30, 1966, AV Papers, box 23.

16
. Bruce Boyens's, Jerry Knoll's, and Gail Hadley's Responses to Question 3 in a [Survey on a Possible] AV-VISTA Meeting, December 1966, AV Papers, box 7.

17
. David Thoenen, Cathy Lochner, Carol Wolfenden, and Candy Colin surveys, AV Papers, box 7.

18
. [Conference Questionnaires], David Altschul, Robin Buckner, and Carol Wolfenden, December 1966, AV Papers, box 7. On the anti-strip-mining movement in Kentucky and the rest of Appalachia, see Montrie,
To Save the Land and People
,

19
. [Conference Questionnaires], Sandra R. Hall, Jerry Knoll, Karyn Palmer, and Patricia Ann Dicky, AV Papers, box 7. See also [Conference Questionnaires], James Larry Myers, Penny Caldwell, and A. Marks, AV Papers, box 7.

20
. [Conference Questionnaires], Judith Jacobs, Ed Turner, Anne L. Chambers, John Zysman, and Karen Spitulnik, AV Papers, box 7.

21
. [Conference Questionnaires], Sheila Musselman, Rita O'Donnell, and John Campbell, AV Papers, box 7.

22
. “Vista Denied More Schools,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, June 27, 1966; Neureul Miracle to Council of the Southern Mountains, May 30, 1966, AV Papers, box 5.

23
. Jestyn Portugill to Aaron Paul, July 6, 1966, and Aaron Paul to Jestyn Portugill, July 8, 1966, AV Papers, box 28. See also Dan Fox to Mitchell Ginsberg, Welfare Commissioner, City of New York, July 5, 1966, AV Papers, box 23.

24
. Appalachian Volunteer—VISTA Associate End-of-Service Questionnaire, August/September, 1966 (first quote), AV Papers, box 31; [Report] by Judy Stewart to Dan [Fox], [ca. September 1966] (second quote), AV Papers,
box 12. On the issue of quiescence, about which Stewart essentially spoke, see Gaventa,
Power and Powerlessness
,

25
. Notes on the Appalachian Volunteers, [ca. 1967], AV Papers, box 13. See also The Appalachian Volunteers: A Force for Change in Appalachia, [ca. 1968], AV Papers, box 3.

26
. Notes on the Appalachian Volunteers, n.d., AV Papers, box 13.

27
. Ibid.

28
. Community Action Program Application—Component 4: Outpost Education [attached to A Proposal to the OEO . . . Demonstration Grant for AV Program], 1965, AV Papers, box 3.

29
. Jack Rivel to Mrs. Charles D. Gloster, September 21, 1966 (first quote), AV Papers, box 23; Notes on the Appalachian Volunteers, n.d. (other quotes), AV Papers, box 13.