Red Orchestra (59 page)

26
. Regina Griebel, Marlies Coburger, and Heinrich Scheel,
Erfasst?,
p. 203.

27
. Richard Cutler,
Counterspy,
p. 64.

28
. These included Marie Terwiel, Cato Bontjes van Beek, Hilde Coppi, and Liane Berkowitz. The huge Radio Berlin facility, once Goebbels's Reichs Radio, where Günther Weisenborn had once worked, was now in Soviet hands. See Markus Wolf,
Man Without a Face,
p. 38.

29
. Allen Dulles,
Germany's Underground,
p. 100.

30
. Dulles's own record was mixed. He received some of the earliest notification of the Holocaust and expressed private distress over the fate of the Jews. But he advised against publicizing the news, to avoid provoking U.S. and British anti-Semitism. See introduction to new edition of
Germany's Underground.

31
. Greta Kuckhoff files, GDW archive.

32
. Major Earl S. Browning, US Army Counter-Intelligence Corps memorandum, August 28, 1947, National Archives.

33
. Major Earl Browning, CIC memorandum, May 20, 1948 National Archives.

34
. Goda, “Tracking the Red Orchestra,” in Breitman et al.,
U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis,
p. 299.

35
. Ibid.

36
. Ibid., p. 301.

37
. Ibid., p. 302.

38
. Barbie remained in Bolivia from 1951 until 1983. He was finally extradited to France and died there in prison in 1991. See Ted Morgan, “The Barbie File,”
New York Times Magazine,
May 10, 1987, and “Klaus Barbie, 77, Lyons Gestapo Chief,” obituary,
New York Times,
September 26, 1991.

39
. Memorandum reproduced in Breitman, et al.,
U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis,
p. 305.

40
. See Paul Brown, “Report on the IRR File on The Red Orchestra,”
http://www.archives.gov/iwg/research-papers/red-orchestra-irr-file.html
.

41
. Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
pp. 385–386.

42
. Goda, “Tracking the Red Orchestra” in Breitman et al.,
U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis,
p. 302.

43
. Manfred Roeder,
Die Rote Kapelle: Europäische Spionage,
pp. 13, 33–36.

44
. Stefan Roloff and Mario Vigl,
Die Rote Kapelle,
p. 332.

45
. See Giles Perrault,
The Red Orchestra.

46
. Goda, “Tracking the Red Orchestra,” in Breitman et al.,
U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis,
pp. 314–315. Nuremberg's justice was not necessary for Nazi jurist Roland Freisler, the “hanging judge” of the People's Court. Freisler had been the
scourge of the German resistance, condemning over two thousand prisoners to death, including the youth of the White Rose and scores of the 20th of July military conspirators. On February 1945, only three months before the end of the war, an Allied air raid struck Freisler's Berlin courthouse, and Freisler was crushed to death by debris. He was holding the file of one of the 20th of July conspirators, who escaped execution as a result.

47
. Harold Marcuse,
Legacies of Dachau,
p. 98.

48
. Michael Burleigh,
The Third Reich,
p. 805.

49
. Edith Anderson,
Love in Exile,
p. 64.

1
. Quoted in Ronald Taylor,
Berlin and Its Culture,
p. 288.

2
. “Günther Weisenborn,” in Viktoria Hertling,
Dictionary of Literary Biography
(2005–06).

3
. Günther Weisenborn,
Memorial,
p. 267.

4
. Staudte collaborated on a number of film projects with both Weisenborn and Falk Harnack over the following decades, in both East and West Germany.

5
. Rosemarie Reichwein, quoted in
Courageous Hearts: Women and the Anti-Hitler Plot of 1944by
Dorothee von Meding, p. 97.

6
. Ibid., pp. 94–95.

7
. Ibid., p. 88.

8
. Freya von Moltke, quoted in von Meding,
Courageous Hearts,
p. 69.

9
. Allen Dulles,
Germany's Underground,
p. 22.

10
. Author's interview with Rainer von Harnack, October 2007.

11
. Greta Kuckhoff,
Adam Kuckhoff zum Gedenken,
p. 11.

12
. See Edith Anderson,
Love in Exile,
p.
66,
and Saskia von Brockdorff interview, November 2007.

13
. Shareen Brysac,
Resisting Hitler,
p. 386.

14
. These experiences were mixed. After the war began, political prisoners were usually treated less viciously than Jewish prisoners. In some cases political prisoners in concentration camps abused and exploited Jewish prisoners. In other cases, they protected, assisted, and collaborated with them.

15
. Michael Burleigh,
The Third Reich,
p. 512. This horrific figure still did not approach the rate of Soviets who died in German detention. See Alon Rachami-mov,
POWs and the Great War,
p. 107.

16
. Markus Wolf,
Man Without a Face,
p. 40.

17
. Dulles,
Germany's Underground,
p. 76.

18
. Burleigh,
The Third Reich,
p. 803.

19
. Wolf,
Man Without a Face,
p. 65.

20
. The case of the American Communist in question, Noel Field, remains a mystery. See Anderson,
Love in Exile,
and
Time
magazine, November 19, 1954.

21
. In 1956, a West German court had ruled against punishing the judge who had sentenced him to death, ruling that he had acted to uphold “the right of the state to maintain itself.” See Alan Cowell, “After 50 Years, German Court Exonerates Anti-Hitler Pastor,”
New York Times,
August 16, 1996.

22
. For more on East Germany's treatment of the Holocaust, see Jeffrey Herf,
Divided Memory.

23
. Regina Griebel, Marlies Coburger, and Heinrich Scheel,
Erfasst?,
p. 71.

24
. Greta Kuckhoff files, GDW archive.

25
. Or “Notenbank.” See
http://www.politeia.uni-bonn.de/archiv/kuckhoff/kuckhoff_a13.html
.

26
. Author interview with Hans Coppi, November 2007.

27
. See Wolf,
Man Without a Face,
pp. 61–62.

28
. Peter Thomson and Glendyr Sacks,
Cambridge Companion to Brecht,
quoting the
Buckow Elegies
(ca 1953), p. 215. In 1954 one of Brecht's young protégés, Martin Pohl, was arrested on trumped-up charges of anarchism; he was abused and sentenced to four years in prison. The playwright worked hard for his release and was outraged at Pohl's report of his treatment at the hands of the Stasi. Brecht died suddenly two years later. Shortly afterward, the acting head of the Stasi made a secret speech denouncing Brecht and his intent to lodge a complaint about the treatment of Pohl. Some East Germans even suspected that the Stasi had a hand in his death. See Peter von Becker, “Erich Mielke und des Dichters Herzschlag,”
Tagesspiegel,
August 14, 2006.

29
.
Washington Post,
July 20, 1958.

30
. Open Society Archives,
http://www.osa.ceu.hu/files/holdings/300/8/3/text/24-1-12.shtml
.

31
. Joanne Sayner,
Women Without a Past?: German Autobiographical Writings and Fascism,
p. 236.

32
. See Wolf,
Man Without a Face,
pp. 56–57.

33
. Heinz Höhne,
Codeword: Direktor,
p. 336.

34
. Ibid., pp. 333–334.

35
. Ibid., p. 329.

36
. Ibid., p. 262.

37
. Ibid., p. 263.

38
. Wolf,
Man Without a Face,
p. 341.

39
. Ibid., p. 342.

40
. Hans Coppi and Geertje Andresen, eds.,
Dieser Tod Passt zu Mir,
pp. 13–17. Interview with Stefan Roloff, September 2008.

41
. Greta Kuckhoff interviews with Biernat, Greta Kuckhoff files, GDW archive.

42
. The East German film was released in 1971. Höhne's television series was broadcast in 1972.

43
. Greta Kuckhoff files, GDW archive.

44
. Wolf,
Man Without a Face,
p. 114.

45
. “Bemerkungen zum Manuskript von Genossin,” Greta Kuckhoff, December 1971, GDW archive.

46
. Ibid., pp. 12, 14.

47
. Ibid., p. 28.

48
. “Bermerkungen zum Manuskript von Genossin,” Greta Kuckhoff, December 1971, GDW archive.

49
. Greta Kuckhoff, “Begegnung mit dem Siebten Kreuz Über Anna Seghers,” p. 151, in Anna Seghers,
The Seventh Cross,
p. 427.

1
. Regina Griebel, Marlies Coburger, and Heinrich Scheel,
Erfasst?,
p. 171.

2
. Marcus Wolf,
Man Without a Face,
p. 208. See also
http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=topics.item&news_id=105150
.

3
. The 1955 amnesty applied to “Soviet citizens who assisted the foreign invaders in the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945.” See
http://www.peoples.ru/military/scout/gurevich/
.

4
. “Günther Weisenborn,” in Victoria Hertling,
Dictionary of Literary Biography,

5
. From “An die Nachgeborenen,” in Bertolt Brecht
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