Real War (48 page)

“the United States was not merely . . . ”
: see John Spanier,
American Foreign Policy Since World War II,
6th ed. (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1973), p. 8.

Hajo Holborn
,
The Political Collapse of Europe,
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1960), pp. ix-x.

Charles E. Bohlen
,
The Transformation of American Foreign Policy
(New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1969), pp. 14-15.

Wilson quoted in Dale R. Tahtinen
,
National Security Challenges to Saudi Arabia
(Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1978), p. 1.

Molotov quoted in Foy Kohler
,
Understanding the Russians
(New York: Harper and Row, 1970), p. 398.

Guy V. Daniels
, trans.,
My Country and the World
by Andrei D. Sakharov (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1976), p.81.

Harry S. Truman, “Truman Charges Inaction on Syria,”
New York Times,
August 25, 1957, p. 23.

“highly strategic and political . . . ”: see Anthony Sampson,
The Seven Sisters
(New York: The Viking Press, 1975), p. 128.

Edward Luttwak
, “Cubans in Arabia?”
Commentary,
December 1979, p. 65.

Chaim Herzog
, “Why Was the West Unprepared?”,
Wall Street Journal,
December 24, 1979.

B. H. Liddell Hart
,
Strategy,
p. 17.

Sir Robert Thompson
,
Revolutionary War in World Strategy, 1945-1970
(New York: Taplinger, 1970), p. 117.

George McGovern quoted in
The Congressional Record,
June 22, 1970, p.20737.

Thompson
,
Revolutionary War in World Strategy,
pp. 31, 32.

“Only the American press . . . ”
: see Thompson,
Peace Is Not at Hand,
(London: Chatto and Windus, 1974), p. 32.

“The camera . . . ”
: see ibid., p. 38.

Sihanouk quoted in Henry Kissinger
,
White House Years
(Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1979), pp. 250, 251,459.

L. Shelton Clarke
, Jr.,
New York Times,
Letters to the Editor, October 4, 1979, p. A-30.

Kissinger quoted in
The Economist,
September 8, 1979, p. 7.

Thompson
,
Peace Is Not at Hand,
p. 101.

Thompson
,
Peace Is Not at Hand,
p. 137.

Dung quoted in Guenther Lewy
,
America in Vietnam
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), p. 208.

Crozier
,
Strategy of Survival,
p. 62.

Quotes on Cambodian genocide taken from John Barron and Anthony Paul
,
Murder of a Gentle Land
(New York: Reader's Digest Press, 1977), pp. 134-136, 206; and
A Report to the Division of Human Rights of the United Nations, the Subcomission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities of the Human Rights Commission, Geneva, Switzerland,
1978 Session (Washington, D.C.: United States Department of State, July 6, 1978), refugee interviews.

William E. Colby and Peter Forbath
,
Honorable Men: My Life in the CIA
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1978), p. 286.

O. Edmund Clubb
,
Twentieth Century China
(New York: Columbia University Press, Columbia Paperback ed., 1965), p. 4.

Robert Rhodes James
, ed.,
Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches 1897-1963,
Vol. VII (New York and London: Chelsea House Publishers, 1974), p. 7287.

Victor Utgoff
, remarks at a National Security Conference, February 1, 1978, Monterey, California, sponsored by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.

Paul Nitze
, “Is SALT II a Fair Deal for the United States?” (Washington, D.C.: Committee on the Present Danger) May 16, 1979, pp. 8-9.

Richard Pipes
, “Why the Soviet Union Thinks It Could Fight and Win a Nuclear War,”
Commentary,
July 1977, pp. 21, 34.

The Economist,
December 30, 1978, p. 8.

Thompson
,
Peace Is Not at Hand,
p. 175.

Nitze
, “Is SALT II a Fair Deal?”, p. 6.

Nitze
, “Is SALT II a Fair Deal?”, p. 13.

Helmut Schmidt
, Remarks at the Harvard University Commencement, June 1979.

Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger
, “The Theater Nuclear Force Posture in Europe, A Report to Congress,” April 1, 1975, p. 10.

Holloway and Gorshkov
quoted in
Understanding Soviet Naval Developments,
3rd. ed. (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Navy, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, 1978), pp. 3, 61.

George Marshall
quoted in
The Marshall Plan, 1947-1951,
The Foreign Policy Association Headline Series No. 236, June 1977.

Michael Scammell
, trans.,
To Build a Castle—My Life as a Dissenter,
by Vladimir Bukovsky (New York: Viking Press, 1979), p. 141.

Soviet economic dependence on the West
: see Carl Gershman, “Selling Them the Rope,”
Commentary,
April 1979.

Richard T. McCormack
, “The Twilight War,”
Army,
January 1979, pp. 13, 18.

Irving Kristol
, “The Worst Is Yet to Come,”
Wall Street Journal,
November 26, 1979.

William E. Simon
,
A Time for Truth
(New York: Reader's Digest Press, 1978), p. 67.

Milton Friedman
,
Capitalism and Freedom
(Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1962) p. 9.

Herman Kahn quoted in the Los Angeles
Herald Examiner,
May 29, 1979.

Robert Nisbet
, “The Rape of Progress,”
Public Opinion,
June/July 1979, p. 4.

Thompson
,
Peace Is Not at Hand,
pp. 172-173.

McCormack
, “The Twilight War,” p. 18.

Hugh Seton-Watson
, “How Right the Old Kennan Was,” in
The Decline of the West?,
ed. Martin F. Herz (Washington, D.C.: Ethics and Public Policy Center, Georgetown University, 1978), p. 48.

Paul Johnson
, “Is the American Century Ending?”, an interview in
Public Opinion,
March/May 1979, pp. 6-7, 59.

Edith Hamilton
,
The Echo of Greece
(New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1957), pp. 16, 17.

Andrei Amalrik
,
Will the Soviet Union Survive until 1984?
(Evanston and New York: Harper and Row, 1970), pp. 33-34.

Foy Kohler
,
Understanding the Russians
(New York: Harper and Row, 1970), p. 117.

Mussolini quoted
in
An Ideology in Power
by Bertram D. Wolfe (New York: Stein and Day, 1969), p. 162.

Harry R. Davis and Robert C. Good
, eds.,
Rdnhold Niebuhr on Politics
(New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1960), p. 34.

Harry M. Geduld
, ed.,
The Rationalization of Russia
by George Bernard Shaw (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1964), pp. 30, 31.

Malcolm Muggeridge
,
Wall Street Journal,
December 31, 1979.

William Pfaff
, “On the Passing of a Grand Illusion,”
Los Angeles Times,
March 25, 1979.

Eric Hoffer
,
Before the Sabbath
(New York: Harper and Row, 1979), pp. 3-4.

Hugh Seton-Watson
, “How Right the Old Kennan Was,” p. 43.

Norman Podhoretz from an interview with Edmund Fuller
,
Wall Street Journal,
October 31, 1979.

Nisbet
, “The Rape of Progress,” p. 55.

Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn
, “A World Split Apart,” remarks at the Harvard University Commencement, June 1978.

James MacGregor Burns
,
Leadership
(New York: Harper and Row, 1978), p. 388.

Hugh Sidey
, “We Argue about Courage Again,”
Time,
March 5, 1979, p. 13.

Liddell Hart
,
Strategy,
p. 371.

Sir Harold Nicolson
,
Diplomacy
(New York: Oxford University Press, Galaxy Books ed., 1964), p. 43.

Dwight D. Eisenhower
,
The White House Years,
Vol. II,
Waging Peace
(Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday and Company, 1965), p. 97.

Nicolson
,
Diplomacy,
p. 52.

Hoover Institution Study
: see George Lenczowski, ed.,
Iran Under the Pahlavis
(Stanford, Cal: Hoover Institution Press, 1978), p. xv.

Winston Churchill quoted in C. L. Sulzberger
,
Seven Continents and Forty Years
(New York: Quadrangle/The New York Times Book Company, 1977), p. 125.

B. H. Liddell Hart
,
Strategy,
pp. 366, 370.

George F. Kennan
, “The Sources of Soviet Conduct,”
American Diplomacy 1900-1950
(Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1951), pp. 126-127.

Walter Laqueur
, “The Psychology of Appeasement,”
Commentary,
October 1978, p. 49.

B. H. Liddell Hart
,
Strategy,
p. 372.

Joseph Galloway
, Remarks to the UPI Advisory Board, reprinted by San Diego
Union,
December 26, 1979.

Arthur Schlesinger
, Jr., “Is This Journey Necessary?”,
Wall street Journal,
January 18, 1980.

Dean Acheson
,
Power and Diplomacy
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1959), pp. 26-27.

Henry Kissinger
, interviewed in
Wall Street Journal,
January 21, 1980.

Malcolm Muggeridge
, “Muggeridge Sees Deliverance Despite West's Despair,”
Los Angeles Times,
June 17, 1979.

This book is the final product of my time in San Clemente, California, where I bought a home and established the Western White House in 1969, and where I later lived for exactly five and a half years after resigning the Presidency—from August 9, 1974 until February 9, 1980. During those five and a half years I wrote two books, my
Memoirs
and this volume. It was a time of intensive reflection on the lessons of a third of a century in public life, and of attempting to apply those lessons to the challenges facing the West in the years ahead. Essentially, the
Memoirs
were a look back, whereas this is a look ahead.

In the process, I found that no longer being either a public official or a candidate for office has certain advantages, not least of which is that it allows greater directness and candor. Former British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan, who also served as Foreign Secretary, once said that a Foreign Secretary is “forever poised between a cliche and an indiscretion.” Being out of power and thus unable to shape events directly is often frustrating, particularly after having been at the center of events, but not having to be so discreet is one of its compensations. If I have stated my views more bluntly in this volume than people were accustomed to when I was Vice President or President, the bluntness reflects that freedom.

It is much easier to pinpoint when the work on this book ended than when it began. I completed the basic manuscript in the summer of 1979, then continued editing and updating during the usual phases of a book's production; as it worked out, the final page proofs arrived from the printer just before I left San Clemente to move to New York. I corrected page proofs during a brief stay in Florida en route from San Clemente, and delivered them back to the publisher on the same day that I arrived in New York to live—February 14, 1980. Several people who read the original draft in September 1979 commented
that it was a mistake to feature the Soviets' 1978 move into Afghanistan so prominently in Chapter 1; by early 1980, after the Red Army moved in, they no longer considered it a mistake.

In one sense, the work on this book began after I completed my
Memoirs
in April, 1978, when I turned to the writing of this volume as my principal activity. In another sense its roots go back thirteen years, to 1967, when I began work on a book on foreign policy prior to the 1968 presidential campaign. It soon became clear that the demands of the book conflicted too much with the demands of the campaign, so I laid the book on the shelf—though much of the work I had done on it found its way into speeches, and the ideas I was developing in it found their way into the policies of my administration.

In a more fundamental sense, however, this book's origins go back more than thirty years, to my early days as a Congressman in the period immediately following World War II. It was then that I toured war-devastated Europe as a member of the Herter Committee, as we sought to chart what America's role should be in helping its recovery. From then on, foreign policy was the chief focus of my concern in public life. In 1953, during my first year as Dwight D. Eisenhower's Vice President, I made a seventy-day trip to twenty-one countries, the most extensive that had ever been undertaken by an American President or Vice President. On that trip I visited Hanoi, when it was still French; Mrs. Nixon and I were Japan's first state visitors since World War II. The leaders I met ranged from the Shah of Iran to South Korea's Syngman Rhee; many of the insights I picked up from them and from the trip itself have stayed with me ever since. I continued extensive foreign travels throughout the eight years of my Vice Presidency and the eight years as a private citizen that followed. By the time I took office as President, I had already visited seventy-three countries.