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NOTES

For brevity, primary sources are cited only where they are not previously referenced in the text. All quotations from letters, except where otherwise stated, are from Anne Crawford’s
Letters of the Queens of England, 1100—1457
(Stroud, 2002)
.

INTRODUCTION

1.
  Cited in Lois L. Huneycutt,
Matilda of Scotland: A Study in Medieval Queenship
(Woodbridge, 2003), p.35.

2.
  Dorothy Laird,
How the Queen Reigns
(London, 1959), p.35.

3.
  Pauline Stafford,
Queens, Concubines, Dowagers: The King’s Wife in the Early Middle Ages
(London, 1983), p.34.

4.
  Alcuin Blamires,
The Case for Women in Medieval Culture
(Oxford, 1997), p.20. Peter Abelard’s comments are in ‘The Authority and Dignity of Nuns’, Letter 7,
The Letters of Abelard and Heloise
, trans. C.K. Scott Moncrierf (New york, 1977),

5.
  Blamires, op. cit., p.89

6.
  Philippe Aries,
Centuries of Childhood
, trans. Robert Baldick (London, 1962), p.368.

7.
  J.L. Laynesmith,
The Last Medieval Queens
(Oxford, 2004), p.77.

8.
  Conor McCarthy,
Marriage in Medieval England: Law, Literature and Practice
(Woodbridge, 2004), p.99.

9.
  Linda Paterson, ‘Gender Negotiations in France During the Central Middle Ages: The Literary Evidence’, in
The Medieval World
, ed. Peter Linehan and Janet L. Nelson (New York, Routledge, 2003), p.250.

10.
 Margaret Howell,
Eleanor of Provence: Queenship in Thirteenth Century England
(Oxford, 1998), p.77.

11.
 Peter Coss,
The Lady in Medieval England 1000—1500
(Stroud, 1998), p.12. See also Theodore Evergates, ‘The Aristocracy of Champagne in the Mid-Thirteenth Century’, in
Journal of Interdisciplinary History
, No. 1, Vol. 5 (Summer 1974).

PART ONE

CHAPTER 1: MATILDA OF FLANDERS

1.
  David C. Douglas,
William the Conqueror
(London, 1964) p.79.

2.
  Orderic Vitalis.

3.
  Douglas, op. cit., p.76.

4.
  Orderic Vitalis.

5.
  Adam of Eynsham.

6.
  Agnes Strickland,
Lives of the Queens of England
Vol. 1 (London, 1851), p.9.

7.
  Exeter Book.

8.
  Quoted in Nicholas Vincent, ‘Isabella of Angoulême: John’s Jezebel’, in
King John: New Interpretations
, ed. S.D. Church (Woodbridge, 1999), p.20.

9.
  Nicholas, op. cit., p.41.

10.
 David Starkey,
Monarchy
(London, 2004), p.80.

11.
 Pauline Stafford, ‘Emma: The Powers of the Queen in the Eleventh Century’, in
Queens and Queenship in Medieval Europe
, ed. Anne J. Duggan (Woodbridge, 1997), p.4.

12.
  
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
.

13.
  
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
.

14.
  Henrietta Leyser,
Medieval Women: A Social History of Women in England 450—1500
(London, 1995), p.20.

15.
  Ibid., p.34.

16.
 From P.J.P. Goldberg, ‘Women’, in
Fifteenth Century Attitudes: Perceptions of Society in Late Medieval England
, ed. Rosemary Horrox (Cambridge, 1994), cited p.123.

17.
  J. Ward,
English Noblewomen in the Later Middle Ages
(London, 1992), p.57.

18.
  Quoted in John Gillingham,
The Wars of the Roses
(Baton Rouge, 1981), P.49.

19.
  Orderic Vitalis.

20.
 David Crouch,
The Normans
(London, 2002), p.83.

21.
  Douglas, op. cit., p.85.

22.
  Huneycutt,
Matilda of Scotland
, op. cit., p.50.

23.
  
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle,
‘D’ version.

24.
  Pauline Stafford, ‘Chronicle D, 1067 and Women: Gendering Conquest in Eleventh Century England’, in
Anglo-Saxons
, ed. Simon Keynes and Alfred P. Smyth (Portland, 2006), p.209.

25.
 James Chambers,
The Norman Kings
(London, 1981), p.17.

26.
  Orderic Vitalis.

27.
  William of Jumièges,
Gesta Normanorum Ducum
.

28.
  
Recueil des Actes des Ducs de Normandie
.

CHAPTER 2: MATILDA OF SCOTLAND

1.
  Huneycutt,
Matilda of Scotland
, op. cit., p.165.

2.
  
Ibid., p.17.

3.
  Eadmer.

4.
  
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
.

5.
  Ibid.

6.
  Anselm.

7.
  Eadmer.

8.
  Ibid.

9.
  Aelred of Rievaulx.

10.
  Anne Crawford,
Letters of the Queens of England
(Stroud, 2002), p.20.

11.
  Anselm.

12.
  On Henry’s absences from England see, for example, Robert Bartlett,
England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings 1075—1225
(Oxford, 2000), pp. 38—41, and William Farrer,
An Outline Itinerary for Henry I
(Oxford, 1919).

13.
  Huneycutt,
Matilda of Scotland
, op. cit., p.74.

14.
  Ibid., p.80.

15.
  Ibid., p.38.

16.
  
Life of St Margaret of Scotland
, The Idea of a Perfect Princesse in the Life of St Margaret Queen of Scotland’ (Paris, 1661).

17.
 Huneycutt. op. cit., p.26.

18.
  Lois L. Huneycutt, ‘Proclaiming her Dignity Abroad: The Literary and Artistic Network of Matilda of Scotland’, in
The Cultural Patronage of Medieval Women
, ed. June Hall McCash (Athens, GA, 1996), p.155.

19.
  Roy Strong,
The Spirit of Britain: A Narrative History of the Arts
(London, 1999), p.38.

20.
  See Jacques Le Goff, ‘What Did The Twelfth Century Renaissance Mean?’, in Linehan and Nelson, op. cit., pp.635—47.

21.
  Susan M. Johns,
Noblewomen, Aristocracy and Power in the Twelfth Century Anglo-Norman Realm
(Manchester, 2003), p.37.

22.
  William of Malmesbury,
Gesta
.

23.
  Huneycutt,
Matilda of Scotland
, op. cit., p.128.

24.
  
Liber Monasterii de Hyda
.

CHAPTER 3: ADEL1ZA OF LOUVA1N

1.
  Marjorie Chibnall,
The Empress Matilda: Queen Consort, Queen Mother and Lady of the English
(Oxford, 1993), p.37.

2.
  Alison Weir,
Eleanor of Aquitaine
(London, 2000), p.134.

3.
  Quoted in Bartlett, op. cit, p.41.

4.
  William of Malmesbury,
Gesta
.

CHAPTER 4: MATILDA OF BOULOGNE

1.
  David Crouch,
The Reign of King Stephen
(Harlow, 2000), p.24.

2.
  Warren Hollister, ‘The Anglo-Norman Succession Debate of 1126: Prelude to Stephen’s Anarchy’, in
Journal of Medieval History
1 (1976), p.25.

3.
  
Crouch,
The Reign of King Stephen,
op. cit., p.31.

4.
  Ibid., p.318.

5.
  Orderic Vitalis.

6.
  Heather J. Tanner, ‘Queenship, Custom or Ad Hoc? The Case of Matilda III of England’, in
Eleanor of Aquitaine: Lord and Lady,
ed. John Carmi Parsons and Bonnie Wheeler (Basingstoke, 2002), p.139.

7.
  Crouch,
The Reign of King Stephen,
op. cit., p.126.

8.
  Ibid., p.77.

9.
  Marjorie Chibnall,
The Empress Matilda,
op. cit., p.87.

10.
    Crouch,
The Reign of King Stephen,
op. cit., p.126.

11.
  For illumination compare Marjorie Chibnall,
The Empress Matilda,
p.85, with David Crouch, ‘Robert of Gloucester and the daughters of Zelophehad’,
Journal of Medieval History,
No. 11 (1965).

12.
  See john Carmi Parsons, ‘Mothers, Daughters, Marriage, Power: Some Plantagenet Evidence 1150—1500’, in
Medieval Queenship,
ed. john Carmi Parsons (Stroud, 1994).

13.
  
Gesta Stephani
.

14.
  johns, op. cit., p.19.

15.
  Chibnall,
The Empress Matilda,
op. cit., p.115.

16.
  Crouch,
The Reign of King Stephen,
op. cit., p.261.

17.
  Betty Bandel, ‘The English Chroniclers’ Attitude Towards Women’, in
Journal of the History of Ideas
, No. 1, Vol. 16 (January 1955), p.114.

PART TWO

CHAPTER 5: ELEANOR OF AQUITAINE

1.
  W.L. Warren,
Henry II
(New Haven, 2000), p.121.

2.
  Christopher Tyerman,
God’s War: A New History of the Crusades
(London, 2006), p.275.

3.
  Constance Brittain Bouchard, ‘Eleanor’s Divorce from Louis VII: The Uses of Consanguinity’, in Carmi Parsons and Wheeler,
Eleanor of Aquitaine
, op. cit., p.230.

4.
  See Andrew W. Lewis, ‘The Birth and Childhood of King lohn: Some Revisions’, in Carmi Parsons and Wheeler,
Eleanor of Aquitaine
, op. cit.

5.
  Weir,
Eleanor of Aquitaine,
op. cit., p.34.

6.
  Bernard of Clairvaux,
Letters
, trans. B.S.james (Stroud, 1998), No. 323.

7.
  Tyerman, op. cit., p.328.

8.
  See Alfred Richard,
Histoire des Comtes de Poitou
(Paris, 1903).

9.
  William Stubbs, quoted in Curtis H. Walker, ‘Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Disaster at Cadmos Mountain on the Second Crusade’, in
American Historical Review No.
55, Vol. 4 (1950).

10.
  Peggy McCracken, ‘Scandalizing Desire: Eleanor of Aquitaine and the
Chroniclers’, in Carmi Parsons and Wheeler,
Eleanor of Aquitaine
, op. cit., p.247.

11.
 Tyerman, op. cit., p.333.

12.
  Otto of Freising,
The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa
, trans. C.C. Mierow (Columbia, 1953), p.27.