Pol Pot (102 page)

Chandler,

p. 213.

Joel R. Charny, ‘Appropriate Development Aid for Kampuchea’, in Ablin and Hood,

250.

Meyer,

211—17, and 283–4.

291

Pierre Brocheux, in Camille Scalabrino et al.,

:

L’Harmattan, Paris, 1985, pp. 230–1.

Pol Pot,

pp. 206–7;see also Standing Committee meeting of Mar. 30 1976, in Chandler et al.,

p. 3.

292

Heder,

p. 6; Ebihara,

p. 25.

293

Pol Pot,

In Sopheap, interview. He gives a slightly different version in

103.

294

Pol Pot’s report to the Western Zone Party Conference,

June 1976. A translation is given in Chandler et al.,

, pp. 13–35; for the quoted section, see pp. 20 and 26.

CPK CC Resolution, June 1976, Doc. 32(N442)/T8310,VA.

Ieng Sary, interview.

295

Khieu Samphân,

p. 79; Smith,

p.5.

Jerrold Schecter,

Coward-McCann, New York, 1967, p. 17.

Sihanouk,

pp. 123–4.

Ly Hay, interview.

Pol Pot,

Kirk,

p. 222.

296

Quoted in Burchett,

p. 95.

Pol Pot,

p. 207.

Ieng Sary,

May 2 1977.

296

—7

Unless otherwise specified, this account of the

affair is drawn from Robert Rowan’s book,

Norton, New York, 1975.

297

Pâng, confession, May 28 1978.

Phi Phuon, interview.

Pol Pot,

:

vol. 1, p. 67.

298

Mosyakov,

p. 26.

Hanoi, Aug. 2 1975.

It is worth stressing that the repatriations did not begin in April 1975; they had been under way since August 1973. For the figure of 150,000, see Chanda,

p. 16. Most sources agree that the departure of Vietnamese continued until late 1975 or early 1976 (

p. 73; Serge Thion, ‘Chronology’, in Chandler and Kiernan,

p. 304; Ponchaud,

p. 17, and

pp. 1237–8).

Khieu Samphân, interview.

298

—9

These details were furnished by a Chinese historian who wishes to remain anonymous; see also Pâng, confession, May 28 1978. Siet Chhê was known to the Chinese as Du Mu, from his revolutionary alias, Turn; and Ney Sarann as Ming Shan, from his alias, Men San. Pâng was also present. Citations are taken from the transcript of the meeting held in the Chinese Central Archives. Extracts are cited in CWIHP, 77

p. 194.

299

For a description of Chinese communist extremism in the late 1920s and early 1930s, see Short,

pp. 223–4, 268–75, 277–81, 306, 308–9 and 314. The slogan about killing the innocent resurfaced in Vietnam in the early 1950s, but in attenuated form: ‘Better to kill ten innocent people than let a guilty person escape’. Under the Khmers Rouges, the wording was identical to that in Jiangxi. It is unlikely that the Jiangxi slogan was known to the Vietnamese, and still less to the Khmers. One must conclude that peasant-dominated revolutions lead, in their early stages, to similar types of excesses.

300

See the transcript in the Chinese Central Archives of Mao’s meeting with Sihanouk, Penn Nouth, Khieu Samphân and Khieu Thirith on Aug. 27 1975, at which he explicitly endorsed the policy of evacuating the cities.

Transcript of Mao’s meeting with Le Duan, Beijing, Sept. 24 1975, held in the Chinese Central Archives.

301

Transcript of Zhou Enlai’s meeting with Sihanouk and Khieu Samphân, Beijing, Aug. 26 1975, held in the Chinese Central Archives. See also Sihanouk,

pp. 99–100.

See the transcripts of Pol’s meetings with Hua Guofeng in Beijing on Sept. 29 and 30 1977 for an example of one such disagreement over the role of non-ruling communist parties in South-East Asia (Doc. 32(N442)/T8300,VA).

Ieng Sary and Mey Mak, interviews.

301

–2

According to the Vietnamese-language text (Doc. 32(N442)/T8300,

), the military agreement was signed in Beijing on Feb. 6 1976 by Son Sen and Wang Hongwen, then ranked third in the Chinese leadership and Vice-Chairman of the CPC CC Military Commission. Given the content and importance of the agreement, a leader at Wang’s level would have been expected to participate (Deng Xiaoping could not sign because by then he was under house arrest). De Nike et al. (p. 381) mistakenly identify the Chinese signatory as Wang Shangrong, a Deputy Chief of the Chinese General Staff who led the negotiating team which drew up the accord.

302

Ibid. Chinese technicians were normally rotated through Cambodia for stays of three to six months (Quan Yuhui, interview). According to Tuon, a Jarai cadre who handled liaison between ‘870’ (the CPK CC General Office) and the Chinese and North Korean aid missions, there were never more than a thousand Chinese in Cambodia at any one time (interview, Pailin, Nov. 20 2001). In 1976, Cambodia sent 471 air-force trainees and 157 naval trainees to China. According to Kân (interview), they remained there for up to two years.

Fang Weizhong (ed.),

Social Science Press, Beijing, 1984, p. 552, quoted in Ross,

p. 75.

303

Chandler et al.,

p. 15 (where this phrase is translated as ‘maximally softened’).

Páng, confession, May 28 1978.

304

Ping Sây and Suong Sikoeun, interviews.

305

–6

Cited in In Sopheap,

pp. 108–10.

306

Ibid. For the reference to paddy, and not milled rice, see Pol Pot,

, p. 187, and

p. 220.

Sihanouk, speech to parliament, quoted in Massenet to MAE, No. 1295/AS, July 23 1963, in c. CLV 16, QD.

Pol, quoted in In Sopheap,

p. 106.

Non Suon, confession, Jan. 16 1977.

Criddle and Butt Mam,

p. 50. Denise Alfonso also remembered being shown specimens of the new currency at a village thirty miles south of Phnom Penh, apparently in July 1975 (De Nike et al., p. 443). See also Pich Chheang, interview, Anlong Veng, Dec. 10–11 2001; and Doc. No. 3, Sept. 19 1975, quoted in Kiernan,

p. 94.

307

Phi Phuon, interview.

In Sopheap,

308

: Doc. no. 3, Sept. 19 1975, quoted in Kiernan,

p. 99. Laurence Picq was told when she arrived in Phnom Penh in October 1975 that ‘money had been abolished’ (

p. 11).

Thiounn Mumm, interview.

Pol Pot,

p. 129.

Quoted in In Sopheap,

p. 109. At the CPK Standing Committee meeting in Kompong Som he also noted the plight of the urban deportees (Dossier L01022, Aug. 20–4 1975, DC-Cam).

309

PinYathay,

p. 170. See also Stuart-Fox,

p. 53, where the animal is described as a buffalo.