Authors: Taylor Branch
COFO headquarters within thirty minutes: Holt,
The Summer
, p. 193; Mary King,
Freedom Song
, p. 387.
“The car has been found”: Belfrage,
Freedom Summer
, p. 21.
Johnson conferred: PDD, 6:33
P.M.
until 9:21
P.M.
, June 23, 1964; Burke Marshall Oral History, Oct. 28, 1968, LBJ; int. Burke Marshall, Sept. 26, 1984; int. John Doar, May 12, 1986; int. Nicholas Katzenbach, June 14, 1991; Cagin and Dray,
We Are Not Afraid
, p. 327.
“We got the ox in a ditch”: LBJ phone call with Allen Dulles, 7:05
P.M.
, June 23, 1964, Cit. 3868, Audiotape WH6406.15, LBJ.
Robert Kennedy postponed: NYT, June 25, 1964, p. 1.
eliciting cries of amazement: Aaron Henry Oral History, Sept. 12, 1970, LBJ.
other federal buildings: Mary King,
Freedom Song
, p. 388.
“I have arrived safely”: Prosecutive summary of Dec. 19, 1964, FMB-1613, p. 7.
Spike successfully implored: Ibid., p. 389; int. Robert P. Moses by Joseph Sinsheimer, Dec. 5, 1984.
Moses took a delegation: Stephan Bingham, “Mississippi Letter” of Feb. 15, 1965, p. 5, b32f367, Lowenstein Papers, UNC.
parried criticism: Int. Robert P. Moses, July 30, 1984.
“It is a dreadful thing to say”: WP, June 29, 1964, cited in Cagin and Dray,
We Are Not Afraid
, p. 350.
caravan of movement cars: NYT, June 25, 1964, p. 1.
unproductive interview: Farmer,
Lay Bare the Heart
, pp. 272-76.
dramatic arrival of Allen Dulles: NYT, June 25, 1964, p. 1.
“Why can't the FBI”: Cagin and Dray,
We Are Not Afraid
, p. 352.
At the Meridian airport: O'Reilly,
Racial Matters
, p. 165.
“Send him down there, too!”: Int. Joseph Sullivan, Feb. 3, 1991; Whitehead,
Attack on Terror
, p. 75.
“take over the investigation”: LBJ phone call with J. Edgar Hoover, 5:30
P.M.
, June 24, 1964, Cit. 3891, Audiotape WH6406.16, LBJ.
“in the very able hands”: NYT, June 25, 1964, p. 18.
He received the private entreaties: NYT, June 26, 1964, pp. 1, 15.
briefings on Communist infiltration: Erle Johnson, Jr., to Gov. Paul Johnson, June 26, 1964, MSSC.
most reliably in Alabama: Memo on information “Received at 4:05
P.M.
, June 25, 1964,” from Colonel Lingo, Alabama State Police, MSSC.
reverse conspiracy: Reports by Sovereignty Commission investigator A. L. Hopkins dated June 29 and July 3, 1964, MSSC.
“the manipulations of a soulless state”:
Meridian Star
, June 26, 1964, p. 1, cited in Huie,
Three Lives
, pp. 128-29.
Rustin met with: Belfrage,
Freedom Summer
, p. 26.
“Then it happened”: McAdam,
Freedom Summer
, p. 71.
baths in backyard tubs: Sutherland,
Letters from Mississippi
, p. 42.
“you feel the heat”: Ibid., p. 39.
Ron Ridenhour turned up: NYT, June 25, 1964, p. 19, June 26, 1964, p. 14.
armed posse hijacked two volunteers: NYT, June 27, 1964, p. 10.
movement supporters flocked to Itta Bena: William Hodes letter to “folks,” “evening” of June 25, 1964, William Hodes Files, SHSW.
far north as St. Louis: Int. William McGee, June 25, 1992.
mayor of Hollandale: Affidavit of Stokely Carmichael regarding events after 5:30
P.M.
, June 25, 1964, A/MFDP2f4.
Carmichael and Cobb continued: Affidavit of Stokely Carmichael regarding events after 10:30
P.M.
, June 25, 1964, A/MFDP2f4; affidavit of Charles Cobb regarding events after 10:30
P.M.
, June 25, 1964, A/MFDP2f4.
Cobb found himself pleading: Int. Charles Cobb, Aug. 20, 1991.
carefully prepared script: Int. Burke Marshall, Sept. 26, 1984; int. Nicholas Katzenbach, June 14, 1991.
sympathized with Hoover's complaint: Hoover memorandum of 1:15
P.M.
, June 26, 1964, regarding telephone call from Dulles and LBJ, FNCC-NR; Brennan to Sullivan re “Allen W. Dulles,” June 29, 1964, FNCC-NR; “Briefing by Mr. Allen W. Dulles re His Trip to Mississippi for the President,” June 26, 1964, Ex HU 2/ST 24, LBJ.
“ought to review the number of agents”: LBJ phone call with Allen Dulles and J. Edgar Hoover, 1:17
P.M.
, June 26, 1964, Cit. 3921, Audiotape WH6406.17, LBJ.
FBI agents had arrested: NYT, June 27, 1964, p. 10.
“You dig it”: William Hodes letter to “folks,” June 26, 1964, William Hodes Files, SHSW.
“that horror-ridden state”: NYT, June 27, 1964, p. 24.
So did John Doar: Int. John Doar, May 12, 1986.
Doar was hearing: Ibid.
“The kids are dead.”: Belfrage,
Freedom Summer
, pp. 32-33.
He nearly begged: Sutherland,
Letters from Mississippi
, p. 31.
fn “We are fully committed”: Moses statement, June 27, 1964, A/SN54f8.
untrained sympathizers stay out: Mary King,
Freedom Song
, p. 395.
rolled south from Ohio: Cagin and Dray,
We Are Not Afraid
, p. 353.
drag a fifty-mile stretch: NYT, June 28, 1964, p. 1.
27: B
EACHHEADS
“Tell him I've sent eight helicopters”: PDD, 12:24
P.M.
, June 25, 1964.
chronic Turkish-Greek violence: Ibid. NYT, June 26, 1964, p. 1;
Newsweek
, June 29, 1964, p. 28.
rescued John Herbers: NYT, June 23, 1964, p. 15.
Herbers moved on to Mississippi: NYT, June 26, 1964, p. 14.
Danish photographer; NYT, June 23, 1964, p. 15.
UPI reporter told FBI: Jacksonville LHM dated June 26, 1964, FSA-NR, pp. 1-2.
quartet of Boston University professors: Int. Harold DeWolf, May 9-10, 1983; int. Paul Deats, Aug. 1, 1984; int. Paul Deats by Larry Elswit, Jan. 13, 1993; Garrow,
Bearing the Cross
, pp. 334-35. Aside from Neil Richardson, DeWolf's colleagues were Paul Deats, professor of Christian social ethics, and Albert Beisel, professor of constitutional law.
six concrete blocks: Hartley, “A Long, Hot Summer,” p. 65, in Garrow, ed.,
St. Augustine
.
withdrawal on Thursday morning left DeWolf: Int. Harold DeWolf, May 9-10, 1983; int. Paul Deats, Aug. 1, 1984.
second wade-in of the day: NYT, June 26, 1964, p. 1; Fred Shuttlesworth Oral History, Nov. 19, 1969, A/OH.
Rev. Elizabeth Miller: “Report on St. Augustine, Florida,” by Rev. Elizabeth J. Miller, A/KP20f43; PC, July 11, 1964, p. 2.
fn “I felt that we could not”: PC, July 4, 1964, p. 3.
Walter Hampshire of New Jersey:
Newsweek
, July 6, 1964, p. 16.
bleeding white fighter triggered: Colburn,
Racial Change
, p. 107.
“They didn't beat the niggers!”: NYT, June 26, 1964, p. 14.
“blows struck by”: Jacksonville LHM dated June 26, 1964, FSA-NR, p. 3.
five hundred segregationists rallied: Colburn,
Racial Change
, pp. 1-12. The FBI estimated four hundred in ibid.;
Newsweek
and the
New York Times
estimated eight hundred.
DeWolf was startled: Int. Harold DeWolf, May 10, 1983.
“bigger than the FBI”: Jacksonville LHM dated June 22, 1964, FSA-1452, p. 5.
vest made from a Confederate flag: CDD (Gary edition), July 6, 1964, p. 1.
he worked the crowd: WMBR-Jacksonville,
St. Augustine, Florida
, Tape No. 64005, NWR, PEA; Larry Goodwin, “Anarchy in St. Augustine,”
Harper's
magazine, Jan. 1965, p. 79; Colburn,
Racial Change
, p. 8.
“There they come!”: Int. Harold DeWolf, May 10, 1983.
Shuttlesworth's nightly march: Hartley, “A Long, Hot Summer,” pp. 67-68, in Garrow, ed.,
St. Augustine
; Garrow,
Bearing the Cross
, pp. 334-35.
a pause: Colburn,
Racial Change
, p. 9.
“A number of Negro women”: NYT, June 26, 1964, pp. 1, 14.
Frady was trampled: Ibid.;
Newsweek
, July 6, 1964, p. 16.
headlong into a parking meter: Fred Shuttlesworth Oral History, Nov. 19, 1969, A/OH.
Davis later conceded in court: PC, July 11, 1964, p. 2.
“seemed primarily interested”: Jacksonville LHM dated June 26, 1964, FSA-NR, pp. 3-4.
Miller learned to recognize: “Report on St. Augustine, Florida,” by Rev. Elizabeth J. Miller, A/KP20f43, p. 6.
“This is the worst night”: NY LHM dated June 26, 1964, FSA-NR.
call the Goodman parents: Levison wiretap log of June 27, 1964, FLNY-9-577a.
encouraging Marshall to push: MLK to Marshall, June 24, 1964, A/KP24f22.
“a total absence of hand-clapping”: Tobias Simon to Honorable Bryan Simpson, June 29, 1964, Simpson Papers, UF.
out-of-town truce talks: Garrow,
Bearing the Cross
, pp. 335-36; int. Harold DeWolf, May 9-10, 1983.
Simpson wedged himself tightly: NYT, June 27, 1964, p. 1; PC, July 11, 1964, p. 2.
dared Judge Simpson: Farris Bryant Oral History, March 5, 1971, pp. 31-32, LBJ.
“You have to be”: FBI wiretap transcript of June 28, 1964, FMXNY-1-26, pp. 4-5.
filled the Harlem Armory: NYT, June 29, 1964, p. 1.
“if he is the leader”: Goldman,
Death and Life
, p. 202.
“a lot of those fishes and freaks”: Elijah Muhammad wiretap transcript of June 29, 1964, FMXNY-4843, p. 2.
Jones commended Malcolm's statement: New York LHM dated July 1, 1964, FMXNY-4669.
“7:08
P.M.
Jones left”: “Physical surveillance of Clarence B. Jones on 6/29/64” (two pages), FJNY-NR.
only ninety members: New York LHM dated July 2, 1964, FMXNY-4675.
“We will creep into Florida”:
Jet
, July 16, 1964, pp. 18-19.
“If the federal government”: SAC, New York, to Director, June 30, 1964, FMXNY-1-28; Malcolm X telegram to MLK, June 30, 1964, A/KP15f16.
Muhammad laughed when: Elijah Muhammad wiretap transcript of July 1, 1964, FMXNY-4843, pp. 3-4.
“He is dying a little”: Elijah Muhammad wiretap transcript of June 29, 1964, FMXNY-4843, p. 3.
Bryant devised a blustering gambit: Garrow,
Bearing the Cross
, p. 337; Colburn,
Racial Change
, p. 109; Abernathy,
Walls Came Tumbling
, p. 293.
Lynch was rallying segregationists: Jacksonville to Director, July 1, 1964, FSA-1476.
fresh criminal charges: Ibid.
hastily composed statement: King handwritten statement nd (June 30, 1964), A/KS.
“If things go as they are expected”: WMBR-Jacksonville,
St. Augustine, Florida
, Tape No. 64005, NWR, PEA.
Outside influences have created: Bishop West to Rev. Seymour, July 1, 1964, SAHS.
“people will think”: Colburn,
Racial Change
, pp. 170-72.
“Either that or be converted”: Notes of Trinity Parish Church vestry meeting, July 1, 1964, 4:30
P.M.
, Colburn Papers, UF.
transfer out of Florida: Colburn,
Racial Change
, p. 172.
“If they [Mississippi authorities] encourage”: Katzenbach to LBJ, with cover notes to Lee White and George Reedy, July 1, 1964, Ex HU, Box 26, LBJ.
“Dear Lyndon”: Aubrey Williams to LBJ, July 1, 1964, WHCF, Name File, LBJ.
“the correct one”: LBJ to Aubrey Williams, July 14, 1964, Ex CO1/Southeast Asia, LBJ.
“poor ol' Herb Wolfe”: LBJ phone call with George Smathers, July 1, 1964, Cit. 4106, Audiotape WH6407.01, LBJ.
gruff, savvy chain-smoker: Int. Victoria Murphy, Aug. 17, 1993.
pick up an early draft: PDD, July 1, 1964.