Pearl Harbor (29 page)
Authors: Steven M. Gillon
8
Report of the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack
, 79th Cong., 2nd sess., document 244, appendix D, “The Last Hours” (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946), 434â435; Robert Dallek,
Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932â1945
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 309â310; Stanley Weintraub,
Long Day's Journey into War: December 7, 1941
(New York: Dutton, 1991), 108â109.
Report of the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack
, 79th Cong., 2nd sess., document 244, appendix D, “The Last Hours” (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946), 434â435; Robert Dallek,
Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932â1945
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 309â310; Stanley Weintraub,
Long Day's Journey into War: December 7, 1941
(New York: Dutton, 1991), 108â109.
9
Admiral Harold Stark,
Hearings Before the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack
, 79th Cong., 1st sess., pt. 32, Navy Court of Inquiry, August 7, 1944 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946), 28.
Admiral Harold Stark,
Hearings Before the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack
, 79th Cong., 1st sess., pt. 32, Navy Court of Inquiry, August 7, 1944 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946), 28.
10
Gordon W. Prange,
December 7, 1941: The Day the Japanese Attacked Pearl Harbor
(New York: Wings Books, 1991), 31.
Gordon W. Prange,
December 7, 1941: The Day the Japanese Attacked Pearl Harbor
(New York: Wings Books, 1991), 31.
11
Ibid., 33.
Ibid., 33.
12
Testimony of Rear Admiral John R. Beardall, United States Navy,
Hearings Before the Joint Committee
, 2nd sess., pt. 11, 5283â5284;
Report of the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack
, 79th Cong., 2nd sess., document
244, appendix D, “The Last Hours,” 436; Weintraub,
Long Day's Journey into War
, 183; Bratton,
Hearings Before the Joint Committee
, Army Pearl Harbor Board, September 30, 1944, 1st sess., pt. 29, 2344â2345.
Testimony of Rear Admiral John R. Beardall, United States Navy,
Hearings Before the Joint Committee
, 2nd sess., pt. 11, 5283â5284;
Report of the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack
, 79th Cong., 2nd sess., document
244, appendix D, “The Last Hours,” 436; Weintraub,
Long Day's Journey into War
, 183; Bratton,
Hearings Before the Joint Committee
, Army Pearl Harbor Board, September 30, 1944, 1st sess., pt. 29, 2344â2345.
14
Ibid., 337.
Ibid., 337.
15
Weintraub,
Long Day's Journey into War
, 34â35; Frank E. Beatty, “The Background of the Secret Report,”
National Review
, December 13, 1966, 1261.
Weintraub,
Long Day's Journey into War
, 34â35; Frank E. Beatty, “The Background of the Secret Report,”
National Review
, December 13, 1966, 1261.
16
Statement by Henry L. Stimson, Former Secretary of War,
Hearings Before the Joint Committee
, 79th Cong., 2nd sess., pt. 11, March 1946, 5440â5441.
Statement by Henry L. Stimson, Former Secretary of War,
Hearings Before the Joint Committee
, 79th Cong., 2nd sess., pt. 11, March 1946, 5440â5441.
17
Bratton,
Hearings Before the Joint Committee
, Army Pearl Harbor Board, September 30, 1944, 1st sess., pt. 29, 2346â2347; Bratton,
Hearings Before the Joint Committee
, 2nd sess., pt. 9, 4517.
Bratton,
Hearings Before the Joint Committee
, Army Pearl Harbor Board, September 30, 1944, 1st sess., pt. 29, 2346â2347; Bratton,
Hearings Before the Joint Committee
, 2nd sess., pt. 9, 4517.
19
In his testimony before the Joint Congressional Committee, Bratton said, “General Miles and I both said that we were convinced it meant Japanese hostile action against some American installation in the Pacific at or shortly after 1 o'clock that afternoon.” Bratton,
Hearings Before the Joint Congressional Committee
, 2nd sess., pt. 9, 4518.
In his testimony before the Joint Congressional Committee, Bratton said, “General Miles and I both said that we were convinced it meant Japanese hostile action against some American installation in the Pacific at or shortly after 1 o'clock that afternoon.” Bratton,
Hearings Before the Joint Congressional Committee
, 2nd sess., pt. 9, 4518.
20
Weintraub,
Long Day's Journey into War
, 212; Stark, Roberts Commission,
http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pha/roberts/roberts.html
, 1082; Stark,
Hearings Before the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack
, Navy Court of Inquiry, 136; Bratton,
Hearings Before the Joint Committee
, Army Pearl Harbor Board, 2346â2347.
Weintraub,
Long Day's Journey into War
, 212; Stark, Roberts Commission,
http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pha/roberts/roberts.html
, 1082; Stark,
Hearings Before the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack
, Navy Court of Inquiry, 136; Bratton,
Hearings Before the Joint Committee
, Army Pearl Harbor Board, 2346â2347.
23
Earl Rickard, “Henry L. Stimson: The Ever-Present Presence,”
World War II
(JulyâAugust 2004): 22â24.
Chapter 4Earl Rickard, “Henry L. Stimson: The Ever-Present Presence,”
World War II
(JulyâAugust 2004): 22â24.
1
Dan Van der Vat,
Pearl Harbor: The Day of Infamyâan Illustrated History
(New York: Basic Books, 2001), 22â25.
Dan Van der Vat,
Pearl Harbor: The Day of Infamyâan Illustrated History
(New York: Basic Books, 2001), 22â25.
3
Ibid., 531â532.
Ibid., 531â532.
4
Van der Vat,
Pearl Harbor
, 20; “The Attack on Pearl Harbor,” USS
Arizona
Preservation Project, 2004,
http://www.pastfoundation.org/Arizona/PearlHarborAttack.html
.
Van der Vat,
Pearl Harbor
, 20; “The Attack on Pearl Harbor,” USS
Arizona
Preservation Project, 2004,
http://www.pastfoundation.org/Arizona/PearlHarborAttack.html
.
6
Ibid., 23.
Ibid., 23.
8
Gordon W. Prange,
December 7, 1941: The Day the Japanese Attacked Pearl Harbor
(New York: Wings Books, 1991), 84.
Gordon W. Prange,
December 7, 1941: The Day the Japanese Attacked Pearl Harbor
(New York: Wings Books, 1991), 84.
11
Ibid., 108â109.
Ibid., 108â109.
15
Robert S. LaForte and Ronald E. Marcello, eds.,
Remembering Pearl Harbor: Eyewitness Accounts by U.S. Military Men and Women
(Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1991), 19.
Robert S. LaForte and Ronald E. Marcello, eds.,
Remembering Pearl Harbor: Eyewitness Accounts by U.S. Military Men and Women
(Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1991), 19.
18
Ibid.
Ibid.
19
David Reynolds,
From Munich to Pearl Harbor: Roosevelt's America and the Origins of the Second World War
(Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2001), 166. The figures on American casualties are supplied by the National Park Service:
http://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/18arizona/18arizona.html
.
Chapter 5David Reynolds,
From Munich to Pearl Harbor: Roosevelt's America and the Origins of the Second World War
(Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2001), 166. The figures on American casualties are supplied by the National Park Service:
http://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/18arizona/18arizona.html
.
1
Stanley Weintraub,
Long Day's Journey into War: December 7, 1941
(New York: Dutton, 1991), 238;
Report of the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack
, 79th Cong., 2nd sess., document 244, appendix D, “The Last Hours” (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946), 439; Gordon W. Prange,
December 7, 1941: The Day the Japanese Attacked Pearl Harbor
(New York: Wings Books, 1991), 248.
Stanley Weintraub,
Long Day's Journey into War: December 7, 1941
(New York: Dutton, 1991), 238;
Report of the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack
, 79th Cong., 2nd sess., document 244, appendix D, “The Last Hours” (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946), 439; Gordon W. Prange,
December 7, 1941: The Day the Japanese Attacked Pearl Harbor
(New York: Wings Books, 1991), 248.
2
“Memorandum: December 7, 1941,” Harry Hopkins Papers, Box 6, Folder 19, Georgetown University Library, Special Collections Research Center.
“Memorandum: December 7, 1941,” Harry Hopkins Papers, Box 6, Folder 19, Georgetown University Library, Special Collections Research Center.
3
Fred Blumenthal, “The White House Is Calling,”
Washington Post
, July 7, 1957; “December 7 in DC Chapter,” Gordon Prange Papers, Box 12, Special Collections, University of Maryland Library (UML).
Fred Blumenthal, “The White House Is Calling,”
Washington Post
, July 7, 1957; “December 7 in DC Chapter,” Gordon Prange Papers, Box 12, Special Collections, University of Maryland Library (UML).
4
Prange,
December 7, 1941
, 252â253; “Conference with Grace Tully,” December 15, 1970, Prange Papers, Box 20, UML.
Prange,
December 7, 1941
, 252â253; “Conference with Grace Tully,” December 15, 1970, Prange Papers, Box 20, UML.
5
“Monday, December 8, 1941,” Henry Lewis Stimson Diaries (microfilm edition, reel 7), Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.
“Monday, December 8, 1941,” Henry Lewis Stimson Diaries (microfilm edition, reel 7), Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.
6
Ibid.
Ibid.
8
Ragsdale to David Hulburd,
War Comes to the U.S.âDec. 7, 1941: The First 30 Hours as Reported to the Time-Life-Fortune News Bureau from the U.S. and Abroad
(New York, 1942);
Report of the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack
, 79th Cong., 2nd sess., document 244, appendix D, “The Last Hours,” 439â440; “Memorandum: December 7, 1941.”
Ragsdale to David Hulburd,
War Comes to the U.S.âDec. 7, 1941: The First 30 Hours as Reported to the Time-Life-Fortune News Bureau from the U.S. and Abroad
(New York, 1942);
Report of the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack
, 79th Cong., 2nd sess., document 244, appendix D, “The Last Hours,” 439â440; “Memorandum: December 7, 1941.”
9
Report of the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack
, 79th Cong., 2nd sess., document 244, appendix D, “The Last Hours,” 441.
Report of the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack
, 79th Cong., 2nd sess., document 244, appendix D, “The Last Hours,” 441.
10
Prange,
December 7, 1941,
250; Archie Satterfield,
The Day the War Began
(Westport, CT: Praeger, 1992), 121.
Prange,
December 7, 1941,
250; Archie Satterfield,
The Day the War Began
(Westport, CT: Praeger, 1992), 121.
11
“Mr. Early's Press Conference,” December 6, 1941, Stephen Early Papers, Box 71, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library (FDRL).
“Mr. Early's Press Conference,” December 6, 1941, Stephen Early Papers, Box 71, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library (FDRL).
13
Linda Lotridge Levin,
The Making of FDR: The Story of Stephen T. Early, America's First Modern Press Secretary
(New York: Prometheus Books, 2008), 251â252.
Linda Lotridge Levin,
The Making of FDR: The Story of Stephen T. Early, America's First Modern Press Secretary
(New York: Prometheus Books, 2008), 251â252.
14
“Press release, December 7, 1941, 2:25 pm,” Early Papers, Box 71, FDRL.
Chapter 6“Press release, December 7, 1941, 2:25 pm,” Early Papers, Box 71, FDRL.
1
Gordon W. Prange,
December 7, 1941: The Day the Japanese Attacked Pearl Harbor
(New York: Wings Books, 1991), 253; James Roosevelt,
My Parents: A Differing View
(New York: Playboy Press, 1976), 266.
Gordon W. Prange,
December 7, 1941: The Day the Japanese Attacked Pearl Harbor
(New York: Wings Books, 1991), 253; James Roosevelt,
My Parents: A Differing View
(New York: Playboy Press, 1976), 266.
2
Testimony of Rear Admiral John R. Beardall, United States Navy,
Hearings Before the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack
, 79th Cong., 2nd sess., pt. 2 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946), 5275â5276.
Testimony of Rear Admiral John R. Beardall, United States Navy,
Hearings Before the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack
, 79th Cong., 2nd sess., pt. 2 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946), 5275â5276.
3
Stanley Weintraub,
Long Day's Journey into War: December 7, 1941
(New York: Dutton, 1991), 300â301.
Stanley Weintraub,
Long Day's Journey into War: December 7, 1941
(New York: Dutton, 1991), 300â301.
4
“Memorandum: December 7, 1941,” Harry Hopkins Papers, Box 6, Folder 19, Georgetown University Library, Special Collections Research Center.
“Memorandum: December 7, 1941,” Harry Hopkins Papers, Box 6, Folder 19, Georgetown University Library, Special Collections Research Center.
5
“Call to President, December 7, 1941,” microfilm copy of U.S. Adjutant General's Office, Far Eastern Situation, November 27, 1941âJanuary 1, 1942,” John Toland Papers, Series V, Infamy, “December 7, 1941,” Box 126, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library; Larry I. Bland, ed.,
The Papers of George Catlett Marshall
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991), 3:7.
“Call to President, December 7, 1941,” microfilm copy of U.S. Adjutant General's Office, Far Eastern Situation, November 27, 1941âJanuary 1, 1942,” John Toland Papers, Series V, Infamy, “December 7, 1941,” Box 126, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library; Larry I. Bland, ed.,
The Papers of George Catlett Marshall
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991), 3:7.
6
“Memorandum: December 7, 1941.”
“Memorandum: December 7, 1941.”
9
Eric Larrabee,
Commander in Chief: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, His Lieutenants & Their War
(New York: Harper and Row, 1987), 316â317.
Eric Larrabee,
Commander in Chief: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, His Lieutenants & Their War
(New York: Harper and Row, 1987), 316â317.
11
“Memorandum: December 7, 1941.”
“Memorandum: December 7, 1941.”
12
George Herring,
From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 500â501.
George Herring,
From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 500â501.
13
Ibid., 528â529.
Ibid., 528â529.
14
John F. Bratzel and Leslie B. Rout Jr., “FDR and the âSecret Map,'”
Wilson Quarterly
(New Year's 1985): 167â173.
John F. Bratzel and Leslie B. Rout Jr., “FDR and the âSecret Map,'”
Wilson Quarterly
(New Year's 1985): 167â173.
15
“Memorandum: December 7, 1941.”
“Memorandum: December 7, 1941.”
16
Alice Goldfarb Marquis, “Written on the Wind: The Impact of Radio During the 1930s,”
Journal of Contemporary History
(July 1984): 385â415.
Alice Goldfarb Marquis, “Written on the Wind: The Impact of Radio During the 1930s,”
Journal of Contemporary History
(July 1984): 385â415.
17
Betty Houchlin Winfield,
FDR and the News Media
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990), 104â105.
Betty Houchlin Winfield,
FDR and the News Media
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990), 104â105.
18
Ibid., 105â106.
Ibid., 105â106.
20
Report of the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack
, 79th Cong., 2nd sess., document 244, appendix D, “The Last Hours” (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946), 441; Tully,
FDR: My Boss
, 254.
Report of the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack
, 79th Cong., 2nd sess., document 244, appendix D, “The Last Hours” (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946), 441; Tully,
FDR: My Boss
, 254.
21
Ed Lockett to David Hulburd,
War Comes to the U.S.âDec. 7, 1941: The First 30 Hours as Reported to the Time-Life-Fortune News Bureau from the U.S. and Abroad
(New York, 1942).
Ed Lockett to David Hulburd,
War Comes to the U.S.âDec. 7, 1941: The First 30 Hours as Reported to the Time-Life-Fortune News Bureau from the U.S. and Abroad
(New York, 1942).
22
Winfield,
FDR and the News Media
, 172; Richard W. Steele, “The Great Debate: Roosevelt, the Media, and the Coming of the War, 1940â1941,”
Journal of American History
(June 1984): 69â92.
Chapter 7Winfield,
FDR and the News Media
, 172; Richard W. Steele, “The Great Debate: Roosevelt, the Media, and the Coming of the War, 1940â1941,”
Journal of American History
(June 1984): 69â92.
1
Jonathan Alter,
The Defining Moment: FDR's Hundred Days and the Triumph of Hope
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 2007), 209â211.
Jonathan Alter,
The Defining Moment: FDR's Hundred Days and the Triumph of Hope
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 2007), 209â211.
3
“FDR's âDay of Infamy' Speech: Crafting a Call to Arms,”
Prologue
(Winter 2001); Tully,
FDR: My Boss
, 256.
“FDR's âDay of Infamy' Speech: Crafting a Call to Arms,”
Prologue
(Winter 2001); Tully,
FDR: My Boss
, 256.
4
“FDR's âDay of Infamy' Speech.”
“FDR's âDay of Infamy' Speech.”
5
There are conflicting reports of when this conversation took place. Tully said they made the connection in the afternoon, shortly after they received word of the attack. Another official with the governor in Hawaii said the call went through at
12:40 Pacific time, which would be after 6:00 p.m. in Washington. See “Diary of Charles M. Hite, the Secretary of Hawaii, December 7, 1941,” John Toland Papers, Series V, December 7, 1941, Box 126, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library (FDRL).
There are conflicting reports of when this conversation took place. Tully said they made the connection in the afternoon, shortly after they received word of the attack. Another official with the governor in Hawaii said the call went through at
12:40 Pacific time, which would be after 6:00 p.m. in Washington. See “Diary of Charles M. Hite, the Secretary of Hawaii, December 7, 1941,” John Toland Papers, Series V, December 7, 1941, Box 126, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library (FDRL).
7
“5:55 Press Briefing,” Stephen Early Papers, Box 71, FDRL.
“5:55 Press Briefing,” Stephen Early Papers, Box 71, FDRL.
9
Ross T. McIntire,
White House Physician
(New York: G. P. Putnam, 1946), 57; Lomazow and Fettmann,
FDR's Deadly Secret
, 53; Kenneth R. Crispell and Carlos Gomez,
Hidden Illness in the White House
(Durham: Duke University Press, 1989), 96.
Ross T. McIntire,
White House Physician
(New York: G. P. Putnam, 1946), 57; Lomazow and Fettmann,
FDR's Deadly Secret
, 53; Kenneth R. Crispell and Carlos Gomez,
Hidden Illness in the White House
(Durham: Duke University Press, 1989), 96.
10
Leon Pearson, “Washington, April 1941,” Dr. Ross McIntire Papers, Box 2, FDRL.
Leon Pearson, “Washington, April 1941,” Dr. Ross McIntire Papers, Box 2, FDRL.
13
Leon Pearson, “Washington, D.C., April 1941,” McIntire Papers, Box 2, FDRL.
Leon Pearson, “Washington, D.C., April 1941,” McIntire Papers, Box 2, FDRL.
15
Dr. Murray Grossan, interview by the author, December 13, 2010.
Dr. Murray Grossan, interview by the author, December 13, 2010.
16
Lester Grinspoon and James B. Bakalar, “Coca and Cocaine as Medicines: An Historical Review,”
Journal of Ethnopharmacology
3 (1981): 149â159; Robert D. Priest, M.D., “Nasal Allergy,” in
Fundamentals of Otolaryngology: A Textbook of Ear, Nose, and Throat Diseases
, ed. Lawrence R. Boies, M.D., 3rd ed. (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1959), 208; Nicholas L. Schenck, M.D., “Cocaine: Its Use in Otolaryngology,”
Western Journal of Medicine
(September 1975): 187.
Lester Grinspoon and James B. Bakalar, “Coca and Cocaine as Medicines: An Historical Review,”
Journal of Ethnopharmacology
3 (1981): 149â159; Robert D. Priest, M.D., “Nasal Allergy,” in
Fundamentals of Otolaryngology: A Textbook of Ear, Nose, and Throat Diseases
, ed. Lawrence R. Boies, M.D., 3rd ed. (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1959), 208; Nicholas L. Schenck, M.D., “Cocaine: Its Use in Otolaryngology,”
Western Journal of Medicine
(September 1975): 187.
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