Parting the Waters (167 page)

pig's-ear sandwiches: Ibid., and int. Rev. Robert Graetz.

Rabb summoned: Morrow,
Black Man
, p. 33.

not be sworn in: Ibid., p. 199.

influence was pervasive: Ibid., p. 36.

classified briefing: Minutes of cabinet meeting of March 9, 1956, copy of Hoover's briefing paper, and selected quotations of the President, Cabinet Series, Box 6, DDE. Also discussed in Adams,
Firsthand
, pp. 336ff, and Donovan,
Eisenhower
, pp. 390ff.

Johnson was saying: Miller,
Lyndon
, p. 228.

submitted to Congress: Adams,
Firsthand
, p. 338. The bill went to Congress on April 9, 1956.

“the dumbest act”: Grover Hall draft article, dated July 16, 1956, BUK5f176. It appears that Hall sent the draft to King, which is interesting in itself.

“duenna and Indian guide”: Ibid.

“cat's-paw”: Reddick,
Crusader
, p. 152.

“so soree”: Hall draft, July 16, 1956, BUK5f76.

Eight lawyers: NYT, March 20, 1956, p. 24.

could not recall: Yeakey, “Montgomery,” pp. 523-25.

Graetz testified: Ibid.

4:39
P.M.
: NYT, March 23, 1956, p. 28.

“Behold the King!”: Ibid.

“King is King!”: Reddick,
Crusader
, p. 145.

“nailed to the cross”: Ibid.

“heap on me”: NYT, March 23, 1956, p. 28.

which he doubted: Reddick,
Crusader
, p. 147.

“Modern Moses”:
Jet
, April 12, 1956.

“particularly well read”: NYT, March 21, 1956.

“for the Brooklyn Dodgers”: NYAN, March 31, 1956, pp. 1, 18-20.

first solo album: Shaw,
Belafonte
, p. 228.

“I need your help”: Int. Harry Belafonte, March 6-7, 1985.

“in the name of our movement”: King to Wilkins, March 3, 1956, BUK8f14. King's friend Kelly Miller Smith, among others, wrote King that his local NAACP branch was taking up a collection for the MIA. Smith to King, Feb. 25,1956, BUK15f50.

“would be fatal”: Wilkins to King, March 8, 1956, BUK8f14.

droll statement: NYT, March 21, 1956, p. 24.

notified King: Wilkins to King, April 12, 1956, BUK8f14.

“our dependence”: King to Wilkins, May 1, 1956, BUK8f14.

Wilkins had invited King: Wilkins to King, May 8, 1956, BUK8f14.

eight years and several trips: BN, June 1, 1956, p. 1. Also Yeakey, “Montgomery,” pp. 575-85.

other Southern states: Wilkins,
Standing Fast
, pp. 241-43.

most unusual and significant: Shuttlesworth characterization drawn from Shuttlesworth, A/OH and CRDPOH.

running the family still: Ibid. Also Shuttlesworth arrest record dated Oct. 16, 1963, BIR/AB21f23.

“too egotistical”: MA, June 12, 1956, p. 1.

Fields believed: Yeakey, “Montgomery,” pp. 550-60; int. Uriah J. Fields, Nov. 12, 1983. Fields has since relocated to Los Angeles, left the Baptist clergy, and opened a California-style personal improvement counseling center. His latest book as of 1983 was
Be the Best, Do It Easy, Do It Now
.

strip him of the pastorate: Yeakey, “Montgomery,” p. 553. Fields regained his pulpit by going to court and later winning a vote of reinstatement.

aborted his California vacation: King Jr.,
Stride
, pp. 153-57.

elements of truth: Yeakey, “Montgomery,” pp. 546-50.

Evers invited: Medgar Evers to King, July 31,1956, BUK8f12.

annoyed Thurgood Marshall: Reddick,
Crusader
, p. 153. Also Hall draft, July 16, 1956, BUK5f176.

“careful consideration”: Wilkins,
Standing Fast
, p. 238.

Prettiest Baby:
Dexter Echo
, July 18, 1956, BUK10f13.

FLASH
:
Dexter Echo
, Aug. 6, 1956, BUK10f13.

“spotlight off me”: Int. E. D. Nixon, Dec. 29, 1983.

“supreme moral issues”: King statement, Aug. 11, 1956, A/KS1.

give enough credit: Int. E. D. Nixon, Dec. 29, 1983.

“you bad policemen!”: Int. Rev. Robert Graetz.

“publicity stunt”: MA, Aug. 26, 1956, p. 1.

“without protecton of law”: King et al. to Eisenhower, WHCF, GF124A, 1956, DDE.

Stevenson replied to Wilkins: Wilkins,
Standing Fast
, pp. 232-33.

“I support this”: Martin,
Adlai
, p. 361.

Ebbetts Field: Morrow,
Black Man
, p. 67.

Adam Clayton Powell: Bernard M. Shanley, Memorandum of Conversation, Oct. 11,1956, 3:02-3:27
P.M.
, DDE. Also Coleman,
Adam
, p. 84.

“from Dakar”: Ibid., p. 331.

Fear of war: Manchester,
Glory
, p. 937.

carried the city: Ibid., p. 943.

Lewis B. Hershey: Yeakey, “Montgomery,” pp. 585-91.

Negroes had voted Republican: Manchester,
Glory
, p. 943. Also Wofford,
Of Kennedys
, p. 25; Rustin,
Down the Line
, p. 120.

“quite bewildered”: Martin,
Adlai
, p. 394.

“another blunder”: MA, Nov. 1, 1956, p. 4-A.

surprise city witness: MA, Nov. 14,1956. p. 2-A.

off the AP ticker: King Jr.,
Stride
, pp. 159-60.

“religious ecstasy”: MA, Nov. 14, 1956, p. 2-A.

force of an epiphany: Int. Rev. Robert Graetz. Also King Jr.,
Stride
, p. 161, and “We Are Still Walking,”
Liberation
, December 1956.

six lessons: King speech of Dec. 3, 1956, BUK1f11b. King was adding to the speech until the last moment, as evident from the handwritten addendum located in BUK10f44.

seventy-ninth anniversary: Evans,
Dexter Avenue
, p. 109.

eight thousand people: Yeakey, “Montgomery,” p. 631.

inviting Coretta: Reddick,
Crusader
, p. 177. Also
Dexter Echo
, Oct. 31, 1956, BUK10f13.

“evil construction”: MA, Dec. 21, 1956, p. 1.

“glad to have you”: King Jr.,
Stride
, p. 173. NYT, Dec. 22, 1956, p. 1.

moment of innocence: Int. Glenn Smiley and Rev. Robert Graetz.

King asked Bayard Rustin: Int. Bayard Rustin, Feb. 21 and Sept. 24, 1984; King to Rustin, Sept. 20, 1956, enclosed with Rustin to Randolph, n.d., Box 2, APR.

Nixon claimed more: E. D. Nixon, “How It All Started,”
Liberation
, December 1956, pp. 18-21.

face down: Int. Bayard Rustin, Sept. 24, 1984, and Robert Williams, April 3, 1984.

shotgun blast: MA, Dec. 24, 1956, p. 12-A.

“not come to eat”: Int. Bayard Rustin, Nov. 28, 1983 and Sept. 24, 1984.

five men jumped: Yeakey, “Montgomery,” p. 633.

fifteen sticks of dynamite: Shuttlesworth, A/OH and CRDPOH. Also Westin and Mahoney,
Trial
, p. 17, and Raines,
My Soul
, p. 66.

bushwhackers fired: Yeakey, “Montgomery,” p. 634.

“so is the baby”: Int. Rev. Ralph D. Abernathy, March 5, 1984.

four bombed churches: MA, Jan. 11, 1956, p. 1.

Sherman Adams replied: Assistant Attorney General Warren Olney III to King, Jan. 30, 1957, BUK9f16. Also Reddick,
Crusader
, p. 184.

“Brother pastor”: Int. Rev. Ralph D. Abernathy, March 5, 1984.

neighbor snipped: Int. Rev. Robert Graetz. Also MA, Jan. 11, 1956, p. 2-A.

mental breakdown: Int. Rev. Robert Graetz, Jan. 8, 1984.

“Dear Sir”: Nixon to King, June 3, 1957, BUK4f16. Nixon says in the letter that he had advised King several months earlier of his intention to resign.

“an adornment of the movement”: Reddick,
Crusader
, pp. 126-27.

Montgomery airport: Int. Rev. Robert Graetz, Jan. 8, 1984.

guilty and miserable: Reddick,
Crusader
, pp. 178-79; King Jr.,
Stride
, p. 177.

“let it be me!”: King Jr.,
Stride
, p. 178.

“Bob, I think”: Int. Robert Williams, April 3, 1984.

twelve sticks: MA, Jan. 28. 1957, p. l.; King Jr.,
Stride
, pp. 178-79.

“vision in the kitchen”: MA, Jan. 28, 1957, p. 2-A. Also Reddick,
Crusader
, p. 166.

“Enters Hagiology”: Reddick,
Crusader
, pp. 165-66.

Gray had missed: Yeakey, “Montgomery,” p. 645.

twin amnesty: Ibid., pp. 644-46.

second inaugural: Morrow,
Black Man
, pp. 84-86.

“Italian communists”: Luce to King, Jan. 2, 1957, BUK8f6.

“Above all”:
Time
, Feb. 18, 1957, pp. 17ff.

“Meet the Press”: Spivak to King, March 4, 1957, BUK8f12. The first Negro to appear had been Roy Wilkins the previous year.

“earned our right”:
Time
, Feb. 18, 1957, p. 17.

himself as James Lawson: Evans,
Dexter Avenue
, p. 110. Also, James Lawson, MYCOH and int. Lawson Nov. 9 and 14, 1983.

Six
A TASTE OF THE WORLD

Harris Wofford: Wofford background from Wofford,
Of Kennedys
, passim; also, int. Wofford, June 26 and Aug. 28, 1984, and April 5, 1985.

“I hate God!”: Wofford,
Of Kennedys
, p. 110.

“some of the Gandhian techniques”: Wofford to Horton, June 28, 1954, SHSW/HP.

“your arm chair strategist”: Wofford to King, April 25, 1956, BUK8f33.

ran across him: Wofford to King, Aug. 20, 1956, BUK8f33.

Omega Psi Phi: Evans,
Dexter Avenue
, p. 110. Also
Dexter Echo
, Oct. 31, 1956, BUK10f13.

local Freemasons: Int. Elwood Sockley of Baltimore Omega Psi Phi, Oct. 2, 1984.

Stanley Levison: General sources on Levison include Garrow,
FBI
, pp. 26-42, plus interviews and documents cited for p. 209. On the Baltimore story, sources include Levison interview, CRDPOH.

prevailing Marxist jargon: Shannon,
Decline
, pp. 58-67.

called In Friendship: NYT, March 1, 1956, p. 28; FBI In Friendship file, No. 100-424895. In Levison's own FBI file, there is a long report on In Friendship, NY SAC to Director, Nov. 28, 1956, FL-NR. The FBI launched an investigation of In Friendship as a Communist front, with Hoover urging the utmost secrecy to protect informants. Most FBI information about In Friendship remained classified through 1987. Useful In Friendship papers include A. Philip Randolph to Rabbi Edward Klein, March 15, 1956, Box 23, APR; Agenda for June 20, 1956, Box 23, APR; Minutes of Executive Committee July 19, 1956, Box 23, APR; Ella Baker to Randolph, Aug. 29, 1956, Box 23, APR; Stanley Levison to Randolph, Jan. 2, 1957, Box 2, APR; “A Brief Digest of the Activities of ‘In Friendship,'” March 6, 1957, Box 23, APR; Levison to Randolph, April 22, 1958, Box 30, APR.

Levison personally had raised: Int. Bayard Rustin, Feb. 21, 1984.

“no doubt about it”: Watson to King, Aug. 14, 1952, BUK15f50.

knew Ben Davis: Int. Bayard Rustin, Feb. 21, 1984. Davis sources include sketches in Scales,
Cause
, and Isserman,
Hammer
; NYT, July 7, 1960, p. 26, and Aug. 24, 1964, p. 27;
Jet
, May 16, 1963, pp. 8-9.

Communist Party faced extinction: Howe,
Communist
, pp. 489-93; Isserman,
Hammer
, pp. 3-31.

Hoover briefly entertained: Director to SAC Chicago, Nov. 23, 1956, FBI file No. 100-3-104-NR, cited in Powers,
Hoover
, p. 567. On Hoover's response to the demise of CPUSA, Ibid., pp. 336—43.

three warring factions: Int. John and Lillian Gates, Nov. 28, 1987; Albert Blumberg, June 29, 1988, Junius Scales June 28, 1988. Blumberg, who went to prison under a Smith Act conviction, as did his wife, says he recalls no such “truce” meeting before the 1957 convention, but the detailed memories of John and Lillian Gates are compelling.