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Authors: Janet Medforth,Sue Battersby,Maggie Evans,Beverley Marsh,Angela Walker

Oxford Handbook of Midwifery (152 page)

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Infasoy (Cow & Gate)
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Isomil (Abbott)
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Prosobee (Mead Johnson)
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Wysoy (SMA)
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Cow & Gate Comfort Follow-on
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Heinz Nurture Gentle Follow-on
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HIPP Organic Follow-on Milk
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SMA Follow-on Milk: Stage 2
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Examples of pre-thickened formulas
Enfamil AR (Mead Johnson)
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Examples of ‘good night milks’
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Henschel D, Inch S (1996).
Breastfeeding: A Guide For Midwives
. Cheshire: Books for Midwives Press, p. 20.
Minchin M (1998).
Breastfeeding Matters
, 4th edn. Australia: Alma Publications.
Lucas A, Lockton S, Davies PS (1992). Randomized trial of ready-to-feed compared with powered formula.
Archives of Diseases in Childhood
67
, 935–9.
CHAPTER 25
Artificial feeding
728‌‌
Health risks associated with formula feeding
The RCM
¹stated that, taking breastfeeding as the ‘gold standard’, bottle- feeding has been shown to be associated with certain health risks.
For the infant:
- Increased risk of gastrointestinal infections
- Increased risk of respiratory infections
- Increased incidence of otitis media
- Increased risk of urinary infections
- Increased risk of atopic disease in families where there is a history of this disease
- Increased risk of sudden infant death
- Increased risk of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
- Reduced cognitive development
- Decreased visual acuity
- Reduced intelligence quotient (IQ) in preterm infants
- Increased risk of NEC.
  Some risks that manifest in later life have been demonstrated, including:
- Cardiovascular disease
- Obesity
- Some childhood cancers.
  For the mother:
- Increased risk of ovarian and premenopausal breast cancer. The exact mechanisms whereby breastfeeding affords protection against these cancers are not fully understood. However, in the case of breast cancer it is thought to be linked with increased circulating hormones, which result in systemic metabolic effects as well as structural changes in

the breast; whereas in the case of ovarian cancer it is believed that breastfeeding may afford a protective effect as a result of inhibition of ovulation.
²

•
Increased risk of hip fractures and reduced bone density. Prolactin, which is released during breastfeeding, increases the rate at which

vitamin D is converted to its active form, and this enhances calcium utilization.
³

For full reference sources and details of further associated risks see Appendix 5 in RCM (2002)
¹and the UNICEF UK Baby Friendly website (M
www.babyfriendly.org.uk).

Royal College of Midwives (2002).
Successful Breastfeeding
. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
Heinig MJ, Dewey KG (1997). Health effects of breastfeeding for mothers: a critical review.
Nutrition Research Reviews
10
, 35–56.
Palmer G (1988).
The Politics of Breastfeeding
. London: Pandora Press.