One : The Life and Music of James Brown (9781101561102) (54 page)

Turpentine: Robert B. Outland,
Tapping the Pines: The Naval Stores Industry in the American South
(LSU Press, 2004); George Brown Tindall,
The Emergence of the New South, 1913–1945
(LSU Press, 1992); William Powell Jones, “Cutting through Jim Crow: African American Lumber Workers in the Jim Crow South, 1919-1960” (PhD diss. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2000); Cassandra Y. Johnson and Josh McDaniel, “Turpentine Negro,” in
To Love the Wind and the Rain: African Americans and Environmental History
, Dianne D. Glave and Mark Stoll, eds. (University of Pittsburgh Press, 2006); Josh McDaniel, “Pulling Streaks: Voices from the Turpentine Woods,”
Southern Quarterly
, vol. 46, (Fall 2008); “Faces of the Piney Woods: Traditions of Turpentining in South Georgia” is an impressive website established by Valdosta State University that features oral histories, explanations of techniques, and much more:
www.valdosta.edu/turpentine/index.htm
; Zora Neale Hurston’s interviews with turpentine workers, conducted for the WPA, are preserved by the State Library and Archives of Florida,
www.floridamemory.com/onlineclassroom/zora_hurston/lesson_2.cfm
.

The overfarming and agricultural economy of Barnwell: Melanie A. Cabak and Mary M. Inkrot,
Old Farm, New Farm: An Archaeology of Rural Modernization in the Aiken Plateau,1875-1950
(University of South Carolina, 1997); Chapin,
In the Shadow of a Defense Plant
; Brooks and Crass,
A Desperate Poor Country.

Poverty in Barnwell region: Tonya A. Browder, Richard D. Brooks, and David C. Crass,
Memories of Home: Dunbarton and Meyers Mill Remembered
(University of South Carolina, 1993);
Annual Report of the Barnwell County Department of Public Welfare
, fiscal year ending June 30, 1938.

Chapter Two:
THE TERRY

“A region of the Savannah River Valley.” Strom Thurmond,
Congressional Record,
vol. 142, no. 7 (January 22, 1996).

Augusta, Georgia: Edward J. Cashin,
General Sherman’s Girlfriend and Other Stories About Augusta
(Augusta College History Department, 2001); Cashin,
The Quest: A History of Public Education in Richmond County, Georgia
(R. L. Bryan, 1985); Cashin and Eskew, eds.
Paternalism in a Southern City
; Cashin,
The Story of Augusta
; Cashin was the great historian of the city, and I’m sorry I never got to meet him. Also useful were “Cashin’s Notes,” a bound set of citations from the
Augusta Chronicle
, on file at Reese Library, Georgia State University; Federal Writers’ Project,
Augusta
(Tidwell Printing Company, 1938); Vicki H. Greene, Scott Loehr, and Erick D. Montgomery,
An Augusta Scrapbook: Twentieth-Century Memories
(Arcadia Publishing, 2000); Don Rhodes,
Entertainment in Augusta and the CSRA
(Arcadia Publishing, 2004);
Curt Samson,
The Masters: Golf, Money, and Power in Augusta, Georgia
(Villard, 1999); James C. Cobb, “Politics in a New South City, Augusta, Georgia, 1946-1971,” (Ph.D. diss., University of Georgia, 1975).

“A town with a fascinating case of schizophrenia.” Dorothy Kilgallen, “A Big Night in Augusta,”
Good Housekeeping
, May 1953.

African Americans in Augusta: Carl Lavert McCoy, “A Historical Sketch of Black Augusta, Georgia, From Emancipation to the
Brown
Decision: 1865-1954,” (master’s thesis, University of Georgia, 1984); Cashin,
Old Springfield: Race and Religion in Augusta Georgia
(Springfield Village Park Foundation, 1995);
WPA Guide to Augusta
; Sean Joiner and Gerard Smith,
Black America Series: Augusta Georgia
(Arcadia Publishing, 2004); Lucius Harper, “I Go Back Home After Thirty years,”
Chicago Defender,
June 18, 1949; “Hooded Georgia Mob Tries to Abduct Negro After He Applies for Job on Police Force,”
Los Angeles Sentinel
, September 16, 1948.

The Terry: Diane Harvey, “The Terri, Augusta’s Black Enclave,”
Richmond County History
, Summer 1973; John Mills, “Black Businesses Thrived in City’s Golden Blocks,”
Augusta Chronicle
, April 24, 1995;
Augusta Chronicle
, August 7, 1941. “The Terry” was a term sometimes defining the larger community of African Americans in Augusta, and other times a much smaller geographic area. Nobody ever formally established its boundaries.

Lenox Theater: “Lenox Theater Gives Blacks Seat up Front, Opens Door to Growth,”
Augusta Chronicle
, February 5, 1990; James Carter interview.

Brown’s early years in Augusta: Rhodes,
Say it Loud!
; Hirshey,
Nowhere to Run
; South and Drotning,
Up From the Ghetto
; Gourevitch, “Mr. Brown”; Simon Witter, “James Brown,”
Sky
, September 1990; interviews with Carter, Allyn Lee, Emma Austin, Leon Austin, Henry Stallings.

Susie Brown living in Augusta: Assorted city directories by R. L. Polk & Co.; Don Rhodes, Emma Austin interviews.

“People were real bad there.” Tucker files.

“If you want to be a man, you got to fight to get respect.” Butterfield,
All God’s Children
.

Silas X. Floyd School: “Augusta: City Whose Negro Leaders Point the Way,”
Augusta Chronicle,
Nov. 26, 1939; see also
Chronicle
, Aug. 26, 1934; Butterfield,
All God’s Children
; Laura Garvin interview in Tucker files; Henry Stallings interview.

“Augusta is a good place to live.”
Augusta Chronicle
, April 19, 1936.

“A
poor waif on the streets of Augusta.” “Response to ‘James Brown Editorial’,”
Augusta News-Review
, Nov. 22, 1973.

Swanee quintet and gospel in Augusta: Carrie A. Allen, “‘When We Send Up the Praises’: Race, Identity, and Gospel Music in Augusta, Georgia,”
Black Music Research Journal
, Fall 2007; “Gospel Group ‘Walked in the Light’ for Half a Century,”
Augusta Chronicle
, Dec. 29, 1990; “Lord Provides All, Gospel Singers Say,”
Augusta Chronicle
, Oct. 5, 1985; “Singing the Gospel,”
Augusta Chronicle
, Oct. 4, 1997; Percy Griffin interview.

Arthur Lee Simpkins: “Arthur Lee Simpkins Sings,”
Augusta Chronicle
, Aug. 1, 1934; “Foster Tops Revue,”
Los Angeles Times
, Dec. 6, 1947.

Camp Gordon: “Augusta May Get Cantonment of 20,000 Draftees,”
Augusta Chronicle
, Oct. 11, 1940; “Pay Roll Totals $190,000 As Camp Work Nears Peak,”
Augusta Chronicle
, Oct. 12, 1941.

Cremona Trio: “Singer’s Career Launched in Augusta,” Augusta
Chronicle,
May 3, 1993; Brown interview, Tucker files.

Vice and panic in the Terry: “Night-Sticks Come Into Own in Quelling Negro Soldiers,”
Augusta Chronicle
, August 7, 1941; “Blame for Spread of Disease Denied by Negro Civic Group,”
Augusta Chronicle
, November 8, 1941; “Defends Race Women From Insulting Rap,”
Pittsburgh Courier
, November 15, 1941; “White Soldiers Override Social Lines in Augusta,”
Chicago Defender,
November 22, 1941; “Georgia Cops Nab Women With Soldiers,”
Pittsburgh Courier
, October 24, 1942.

Secret plans for subduing the Terry: “Army Service Forces—Distr. 4, Fourth Service Command—Racial Disturbance Plan, Augusta, 9 Oct 1944,” Defense—Adjutant General—Misc. Files, Georgia Archives, Morrow, Georgia.

“If nobody else loved him,
he
loved him.” Stanley Booth, “James Brown 1933-2006,”
Georgia Music
, Spring 2007.

The air compressor incident: Willie Glenn interview, Tucker files; Fred Daviss interview.

“I knew one thing – that I was different.” Rose,
Living in America
.

Chapter Three:
THE BLACK SATCHEL

“The Bon Air gazes, like the Sphinx, upon Augusta.” Dan Jenkins, “Augusta: Where Georgia Retaliates for Sherman’s March,”
Sports Illustrated
, April 6, 1964.

The Bon Air: Stan Byrdy,
Augusta and Aiken in Golf’s Golden Age
(Arcadia Publishing, 2002); Jeanne M. McDaniel,
North Augusta: James U. Jackson’s Dream
(Arcadia, 2006); Samson,
The Masters
; Picturing Augusta: Historic Postcards from the Collection of the East Central Georgia Regional Library; “Brighter Days Fill History of City Landmark,”
Augusta Chronicle
, June 11, 2011.

Battle royals: Geoffrey C. Ward,
Unforgivable Blackness: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson
(Knopf, 2004); Andrew M. Kaye,
The Pussycat of Prizefighting: Tiger Flowers and the Politics of Black Celebrity
(University of Georgia Press, 2004); “The Milk-Ice Fund FIGHT,”
Pittsburgh Courier
, July 14, 1923; “Fighters, Keep Out of Those ‘Battle Royals’,”
Pittsburgh Courier
, Feb. 11, 1928.

Brown the boxer: “Bax Hardy to Weigh 160 Pounds for Bout,”
Augusta Chronicle
, January 26, 1946; “Hardy Captures Decision,”
Chronicle
, January 29, 1946; “Buddy Rose After Knockout,”
Chronicle
, Feb. 12, 1946; “Soul Searching,”
Chronicle
, May 3, 1969.

“Mr. Brown liked to have idols.” Emma Austin interview.

Beau Jack: “Stork Club Champ,”
Time
, November 23, 1942; “Beau Jack Kayoes Tippy Larkin,”
Augusta Chronicle
, December 19, 1942; Grantland Rice, “Concerning Beau Jack,”
Chronicle
, Jan. 20, 1943; “Crack O’ Dawn,”
Chronicle
, Feb. 15, 1943; “Dan Burley’s ‘Confidentially Yours,’”
New York Amsterdam News
, Dec. 26, 1942, and May 29, 1943; “Beau Jack Learns to Read and Write,”
Chronicle
, Oct. 7, 1944; “The Tragic Case of Beau Jack,”
Pittsburgh Courier
, Jan. 29, 1955; Gary Smith, “Still Fighting Old Wars,”
Sports Illustrated
, Feb. 15, 1988; “Beau Jack, 78, Lightweight Boxing Champion in the 1940s,”
The New York Times
, February 12, 2000; “Jack Always Packed Exciting Punch,”
New York Daily News
, February 13, 2000; Carter interview.

Daddy Grace: Marie W. Dallam,
Daddy Grace: A Celebrity Preacher and His House of Prayer
(NYU Press, 2007); Sherri Marcia Damon, “The Trombone in the Shout Band of the United House of Prayer for All People,” (Ph.D. diss., University of North Carolina Greensboro, 1999); Federal Writers Project,
Augusta
; “Negro ‘Bishop Who Cures both White and Black’ Tells Judge of his Troubles From the City,”
Augusta Chronicle
, April 28, 1927; “Order House of Prayer Reopened,”
Atlanta Daily World
, August 5, 1932; “Bishop Grace Hailed by His Augusta ‘Children’,”
Chronicle
, April 25, 1934; “Owner of ‘Harlem Heaven’ to Insist on ‘Good Rent,’”
Chronicle
, March 11, 1938; “Thousands See Daddy Grace Ride,”
Atlanta Daily World
, Sept. 27, 1938; “Is He Charlatan or Saint?,”
Augusta Herald
, September 26, 1956; “Marching, Music and Memories,”
Charlotte Observer
, January 3, 1990; “Sweet Soul Music: The Trombone-Drive ‘Shout’ Sound,”
Charlotte Observer
, July 4, 1993; Al Sharpton interview.

Cracker Party: Cobb, “Politics in a New South City”; James C. Cobb, “Colonel Effingham Crushes the Crackers: Political Reform in Postwar Augusta,”
South Atlantic Quarterly
78, Autumn 1979; “Negroes Indorse McDonald…,”
Augusta Chronicle
, December 19, 1932; “How Augustans Lost Their Democratic Government,”
Chronicle
, Jan. 25, 1939; “Campaign ‘Pay-Off’ System is Revealed in Probe Testimony,”
Chronicle
, May 16, 1934; “Ninety Arrested as Federal Men Descend on Augusta Liquor Dives,”
Chronicle
, May 23, 1931; “Municipal Race Not Necessary,”
Chronicle
, Nov. 4, 1937.

“He’d steal anything that wasn’t tied down.” Carter interview.

Brown’s 1949 prosecution: Record of Indictments Superior Court Richmond County Book 11, Augusta records storage facility.

1949 corruption trial: “Two Police Commissioners Arrested on Bribe Charge,”
Augusta Chronicle
, May 4, 1949; “Bitter Court Battle is Indicated…,”
Chronicle
, June 12, 1949; “Bribe Trials Delayed Till July 18,”
Chronicle
, June 14, 1949.

“Tell daddy, try to get me out.” Willie Glenn interview, Tucker files.

Chapter Four:
TOCCOA

Herman Talmadge: Donald L. Grant and Jonathan Grant,
The Way It Was in the South: The Black Experience in Georgia
(University of Georgia Press, 2003); “Springfield Spectacle,”
Time
, February 24, 1936; “Georgia: Death of the Wild Man,”
Time
, Dec. 30, 1946.

Eugene Talmadge and prison reform in Georgia: William Anderson,
The Wild Man from Sugar Creek: The Political Career of Eugene Talmadge
(Louisiana State University Press, 1975); Harold P. Henderson,
The Politics of Change in Georgia: A Political Biography of Ellis Arnall
(University of Georgia Press, 1991); “Prisons-Director’s Office-Director’s Subject Files, 1940-1975,” Georgia Archives;
Augusta Chronicle
, April 23, 1948 and Dec. 16, 1948.

Talmadge speech in Rome: “Speech by Governor Herman Talmadge, 1949,” folder, Prison Director’s Subject Files, Georgia Archives.

The Rome facility: “Juvenile Training Institute Formed,”
Augusta Chronicle
, Nov. 20, 1946; “Statewide Search Launched for ‘Honor Roll’ Escapees,”
Chronicle,
November 25, 1946; “
Battey General Hospital Transferred to State,”
Chronicle
, February 11, 1947; “Battey Expansion is Well Underway,”
Chronicle
, November 20, 1949; “Georgia Juvenile Training Institute Rome 1950-51” and “Speech by J. B. Hatchett,” folders, Prison Director’s Subject Files, Georgia Archives.

Camp Toccoa:
Toccoa Record
, January 31, 1952;
Rome News-Tribune
, April 6, 1953;
Toccoa Record
, April 23, 1953; “Memo from Walter Matthews,” folder, Prison Director’s Subject Files, 1940-1975, Georgia Archives.