One Good Turn: A Natural History of the Screwdriver and the Screw (17 page)

13
.
The Times,
May
15
,
1981
.

14
.
Quoted in A. G. Drachmann, “How Archimedes Expected to Move the Earth,”
Centaurus
5
, no.
3
–
4
(
1958
):
278
.

15
.
Quoted in Dijksterhuis,
Archimedes,
15
.

16
.
Drachmann, “How Archimedes Expected to Move the Earth,”
280
–
81
.

17
.
R. J. Forbes, “Hydraulic Engineering and Sanitation,”
A History of Technology,
vol.
2
, Charles Joseph Singer et al., eds. (New York: Oxford University Press,
1957
),
677
; A. G. Drachmann,
The Mechanical Technology of Greek and Roman Antiquity
(Copenhagen: Munksgaard,
1963
),
204
.

18
.
Quoted in A. G. Drachmann, “The Screw of Archimedes,”
Actes de VIII
^e
Congrès International d’Histoire des Sciences, Florence-Milan,
3
–
9
septembre
1956
,
vol.
3
(Florence: Vinci,
1958
),
940
–
41
.

19
.
John Peter Oleson,
Greek and Roman Mechanical Water-Lifting Devices: The History of Technology
(Toronto: University of Toronto,
1984
),
297
,
365
.

20
.
Humphrey et al.,
Greek and Roman Technology,
317
.

21
.
William Giles Nash,
The Rio Tinto Mine: Its History and Romance
(London: Simpkin Marshall Hamilton Kent & Co.,
1904
),
35
.

22
.
Diodorus Siculus,
The Historical Library of Diodorus the Sicilian; in Fifteen Books,
trans. G. Booth (London: W. M’Dowall for J. Davis,
1814
).

23
.
See Drachmann,
Mechanical Technology,
154
.

24
.
Vitruvius,
Ten Books,
297
.

25
.
Joseph Needham and Wang Ling,
Science and Civilization in China, Introductory Orientations
(New York: Cambridge University Press,
1954
),
241
.

Page
22
:
A History of Technology: Vol. II, The Mediterranean Civilizations and the Middle Ages c.
700
B.C.
to c.
A.D.
1500
,
eds. Charles Joseph Singer et al. (New York: Oxford University Press,
1956
),
152
;
42
: Kenneth D. Roberts,
Some
19
th Century English Woodworking Tools: Edge & Joiner Tools and Bit Braces
(Fitzwilliam, N.H.: Ken Roberts Publishing Co.,
1980
),
234
;
50
:
The Various and Ingenious Machines of Agostino Ramelli (
1588
),
trans. Martha Teach Gnudi (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
1976
), plate
188
;
52
:
The Various and Ingenious Machines of Agostino Ramelli (
1588
),
trans. Martha Teach Gnudi (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
1976
), plate
129
;
58
:
Wapenhandelinghe van Roers, Musquetten end Speissen, Achtervolgende de Ordre van Syn Excellente Maurits, Prince van Orangie . . . Figuirlyck vutgebeelt door Jacob de Gheyn
(Musket drill devised by Maurice of Orange) (The Hague,
1607
); facsimile edition, New York: McGraw-Hill,
1971
;
60
: Hugh B. C. Pollard,
Pollard’s History of Firearms,
ed. Claude Blair (New York: Macmillan,
1983
),
35
;
65
: Charles John Ffoulkes,
The Armourer and His Craft: From the XIth to the XVIth Century
(New York: Benjamin Blom,
1967
),
55
. Redrawn by author;
66
: Charles John Ffoulkes,
The Armourer and His Craft: From the XIth to the XVIth Century
(New York: Benjamin Blom,
1967
), plate V. Redrawn by author;
80
: Ken Lamb,
P.L.: Inventor of the Robertson Screw
(Milton, Ont.: Milton Historical Society,
1998
),
152
;
90
: Christoph Graf zu Waldburg Wolfegg,
Venus and Mars: The World of the Medieval Housebook
(Munich: Prestel-Verlag,
1998
),
88
;
95
:
A History of Technology: Vol. II, The Mediterranean Civilizations and the Middle Ages c.
700
B.C.
to c.
A.D.
1500
,
eds. Charles Joseph Singer et al. (New York: Oxford University Press,
1956
),
334
;
98
: Robert S. Woodbury,
Studies in the History of Machine Tools
(Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press,
1972
), Fig.
30
;
114
: T. K. Derry and Trevor I. Williams,
A Short History of Technology
(New York: Oxford University Press,
1960
),
236
;
118
: A. G. Drachmann,
Ancient Oil Mills and Presses
(Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard,
1932
),
159.
Redrawn by author;
130
: Derek J. de Solla Price, “Gears from the Greeks: The Antikythera Mechanism—a Calendar Computer from ca.
80
B.C.
,”
Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
64
, pt.
7
(November
1974
):
37
;
141
: M. H. Morgan, Vitruvius,
The Ten Books on Architecture
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press,
1946
),
295.
Pages
101
,
115
,
120
,
122
,
145
–
151
were drawn by the author.

Académie Française,
36

adzes,
19
,
21
,
26
,
41
,
46
,
51

cooper’s,
147

Agricola, Georgius,
51
–
53
,
54
,
69
,
125

Alembert, Jean Le Rond d’,
33
–
35

A-levels,
16
–
17
,
149

American Screw Company,
78
,
84

Ancient Carpenters’ Tools
(Mercer),
37
,
41

Andreas,
121

Antikythera Mechanism,
128
–
32
,
133

Apollonius of Perge,
139

archaeology,
17
–
18
,
38
,
127
–
28

Archimedes,
9
,
47
–
48
,
133
–
43

Archytas of Terentum,
139

armor,
57
,
93

chain mail,
62
,
64

Dresden,
61
–
65

golden age of,
61

helms of,
63
,
64
–
66

jousting vs. field,
62
,
64

screws used in,
63
–
64
,
66
–
67
,
72

steel plates of,
62
,
63
,
64
,
66
–
67

weight of,
62

armorer’s pincers,
67
,
111

arquebus,
56
–
57

arquebusier’s screwdriver,
33
,
60
–
61

arquebusier’s spanner,
60
,
61
,
67
,
111

art de tourner, L’
(Plumier),
96

astrology,
53

astronomy,
14
,
97
,
98
,
129
,
133
,
135

Athenaeus,
138
,
139

augers,
22
–
23
,
24
,
46
,
54
,
122

breast,
22
–
23
,
146

long-handled,
51

spiral,
143
,
147

awls,
36
–
37

ax-adzes,
21

axes,
51

double-headed,
21

Babbage, Charles,
107

backsaws,
18
,
151

Bataille, E. M.,
110

Bearing the Cross
(Franke),
22

bellows,
51
,
53
,
70
,
124
–
25

bench vises,
80

Besson, Jacques,
95
–
96

bevels,
16
,
149

blacksmiths,
30
,
36
,
70
–
71
,
73
,
100
,
111

bolts,
30
,
37
,
71
,
72
,
105

bombards,
55

bookstands, revolving,
49
,
50

bow drills,
21
–
22
,
24
,
31
,
41

braces,
80

cranks in,
24
–
25
,
33

wooden,
23
–
24

see also
carpenter’s braces

Bramah, Joseph,
100
–
101

British Arts and Crafts movement,
39

Britten’s Old Clocks and Watches and Their Makers,
72

Bronze Age,
19
–
20

Brunel, Isambard Kingdom,
103
,
110

Brunel, Marc Isambard,
102
–
3
,
109

bucket conveyor belts,
48
,
141

buttons,
45
–
46
,
89

cabinetmaker’s screwdriver,
33
–
35

cabinet turnscrews,
43

cabinetwork,
15
,
18
–
20
,
33
–
35
,
76

Campin, Robert,
23

cannons,
54
,
55

steam,
137
–
38

carpenter’s benches,
26
,
27
,
89

carpenter’s braces,
22
,
23
–
25
,
27
,
33
,
41
,
43
,
45
,
111
,
146
,
148