"Non-Germans" Under the Third Reich (143 page)

2.
See, in particular, Krausnick, “Judenverfolgung” (1965), 310 ff., 312; Adam,
Judenpolitik im Dritten Reich
(1972), 46 ff.; Bracher, Sauer, and Schulz,
Die nationalsozialistische Machtergreifung
(1962), 172; Ostler,
Deutsche Rechtsanwälte
(1971), 248, which describes in detail the beginning of concerted actions against the “practice of the law corrupted by the Jews,” especially the actions of March 11, 1933, against Jewish judges and public prosecutors in Breslau (Wrocław) and other events in Breslau; an attack on Jewish law offices planned for March 16, 1933, was canceled following an appeal to Hitler by the
Reichskommissar
for Prussia, Papen (see Neumann, “Vom Kaiserhoch zur Austreibung,” 6).

3.
A considerable number of Polish citizens were also molested in Leipzig in April 1933 (Krausnick, “Judenverfolgung” [1965], 312); see also the report of the American consul in Leipzig of April 1993, Nuremberg doc. PS-2709.

4.
Directive of March 28, 1933, quoted in Scheffler,
Judenverfolgung im Dritten Reich 1933–1945
(1960), 109 ff.

5.
Neumann, “Vom Kaiserhoch zur Austreibung,” 6 f.

6.
See Krausnick, “Judenverfolgung,” 311–14.

7.
Cf. Stuckart and Globke,
Reichsbürgergesetz
(1936), 15: “The two Nuremberg Laws with their implementing provisions contain the fundamental solution to this racial problem. They make a clear distinction, based on blood, between Germandom and Jewry and thus create the legal basis for a modus vivendi that satisfies all requirements…. The Nuremberg Laws [guarantee Jewry] its own existence within the limits of the law.”

8.
Krausnick, “Judenverfolgung,” 316.

9.
As stated by Göring, head of the Four Year Plan, at a discussion on the Jewish question in the Reich Air Ministry on November 12, 1938, shorthand transcription, Nuremberg doc. PS-1816; quoted from Poliakov and Wulf,
Das Dritte Reich und die Juden
(1961), 75 ff., 76 (excerpts).

10.
Reich Finance Minister Count Schwerin von Krosigk, discussion of November 12, 1938, at the Reich Air Ministry, shorthand transcription, Poliakov and Wulf,
Das Dritte Reich und die Juden
, 75 ff., 79.

11.
As set out in the plans of the Nazi leadership at the Reich Air Ministry discussion of November 12, 1938, and especially those of the Security Police (Heydrich), which were endorsed by the Reich minister of finance, who wanted to be free of the whole “social proletariat as rapidly as possible,” and the Reich minister of the interior, shorthand transcription from ibid. Regarding the phases of the preparation, implementation, and modalities of the emigration and the deportations, see Adler,
Der verwaltete Mensch
(1974), 3 ff., with exhaustive references and documentation section (645 ff.)

12.
Cf. Adam,
Judenpolitik im Dritten Reich
(1972), 357, who speaks of “a process of disfranchisement carried out with almost methodical consistency” and refers to the corresponding “stage theory” (16).

13.
Even before the seizure of power, detailed plans existed for depriving “alien” German inhabitants of their rights (cf. Nicolai,
Grundlagen der kommenden Verfassung
[1933]), which apart from the wording were substantially identical with the subsequent measures. In
Mein Kampf
Hitler himself left no doubt as to the role of the Jews, though avoiding certain explicit conclusions. But both he and his acolytes continually stressed the need to eliminate the Jewish influence from public life and the economy. Hitler also speaks at length of dealing with the “alien” inhabitants of the “Greater German Reich” (Jews, Poles, Russians, etc.) by expulsion and decimation in his discussions with Rauschning in 1933 and 1934. The physical annihilation of the Jews was already discussed at that time (Rauschning,
Gespräche mit Hitler
). A. Hillgruber,
VjhZ
(1972): 133 ff., particularly, has pointed out the consistency of anti-Semitism in National Socialist policy, in apparent contrast to Adam,
Judenpolitik im Dritten Reich
, 17 and 357 ff., who attempts to demonstrate that no master plan detailing the type, content, and extent of persecution of the Jews ever existed, because the “structural anarchy” of the National Socialists had triumphed over the former forces of order.

14.
Cf. Mommsen, “Der nationalsozialistische Polizeistaat” (1962); Krausnick, “Judenverfolgung,” 283 ff.; Blau,
Das Ausnahmerecht für Juden in Deutschland
(1965); Bracher, Sauer, and Schulz,
Die nationalsozialistische Machtergreifung;
Adam,
Judenpolitik im Dritten Reich;
Göppinger,
Die Verfolgung der Juristen jüdischer Abstammung
(1963); Mommsen,
Beamtentum im Dritten Reich
(1966); Matzerath,
Nationalsozialismus und kommunale Selbstverwaltung
(1970); Echterhölter,
Das öffentliche Recht im Nationalsozialismus
(1970). Further references may be found in Adam,
Judenpolitik im Dritten Reich
, 17 nn. 8, 9. For contemporary references, see Huber,
Verfassungsrecht des Großdeutschen Reiches
(1939), 181 ff.; further, see the list of special anti-Jewish legislation in the public and vocational domains in Kluge and Krüger,
Verfassung und Verwaltung
(1941), 215 ff., 222 ff.; a compilation of all the special provisions relating to Jews up to 1938 may be found in Streicher,
Die Judengesetze Großdeutschlands
(1939). See also the anti-Jewish regulations in the collection by Sartorius,
Verfassungs- und Verwaltungsrecht
(1944) (nos. 23, 74a, 89 f., 95a, 97, 97a, 97c, 98–98n, 136b, 147, 150c, 172b, 183; annex I, 4).

15.
According to the organization charts of the Reich Ministry of the Interior dated January 15, 1937 (BA R 22/4219), and April 4, 1940 (BA R 18/11 and 12), the Ministry of the Interior consisted of the following departments: Department 1 (headed by Dr. Stuckart), Constitution and Legislation (in 1940 it dealt with matters pertaining to the constitution, legislation, administration, and civil defense of the Reich); Department 2 (headed by Ministry Director Schütze), Personnel, with a subdivision for the Civil Service; Department 3, Veterinary; Department 4, Public Health (including population policy, heredity and racial affairs, the Marital Hygiene Law, and the Law for the Prevention of Progeny with Hereditary Diseases); Department 5, Municipal Administration; Department 6, German Nationhood and Surveying (colonial affairs); Department 7, Labor Administration; Department 8, Sport.

16.
According to the organization chart of January 15, 1937 (BA R 22/4219), Department 1 comprised the following sections (as of 1937): Group 1, Movement and State; Group 2, Constitution and Organization (including constitutional law of the Reich and
Länder
, Reich reform, administrative reform, administrative structure of the Reich and
Länder
, and special Reich administrations); Group 3, Administrative Law and Legislation; Group 4 (from 1940 on), Reorganization of the Eastern Territories and Affairs of the Occupied Polish Territories; Group 5, Reich Civil Law and Reich and State Citizenship; Group 6 (headed by Dr. Bernd Lösener), Racial Law and Racial Policy (Jewish questions, general and particular; the situation in the state; the economy; acquisition of real estate; cultural activity; people of mixed race [
Mischlinge
], non-Jewish aliens; the Blood Protection Law, general and specific questions; determination of racial lineage; the Reich Family Research Office). This group did not cover the whole field of racial law; some aspects of racial law were dealt with by Department 4 (see the previous note). Various regroupings were carried out in the course of the war. The most important was the inclusion of all racial, particularly Jewish, questions under Department 1 (see the organization charts of September 14, 1939 [AZ 283/39/5231], and July 1, 1943 [Z 6616/43/5231]). According to a later organization chart of January 15, 1945 (ZHB 1001/15.1.1945), Jewish matters falling within the realm of racial questions and still dealt with by Department 1B in 1943 were no longer included, since in September 1943 the responsibility for Jewish affairs had passed to the chief of the SIPO and the SD after Himmler had become Reich minister of the interior.

17.
For details see Adler,
Der verwaltete Mensch;
Genschel,
Die Verdrängung der Juden
(1966); Müllerheim,
Die gesetzlichen und außergesetzlichen Maßnahmen
(1962); Seeber,
Zwangsarbeiter in der faschistischen Kriegswirtschaft
(1964); with regard to the cultural sphere, see Bresser,
Die Kunstpolitik des Nationalsozialismus
(1963); and the following documentation: Wulf,
Theater und Film im Dritten Reich
(1966); Wulf,
Die bildenden Künste im Dritten Reich
(1966); Wulf,
Literatur und Dichtung im Dritten Reich
(1966); Wulf,
Presse und Funk im Dritten Reich
(1966); Wulf,
Musik im Dritten Reich
(1966); von Olenhusen, “Die ‘nichtarischen’ Studenten” (1966).

18.
RGBl.
I 1988, 823.

19.
Secs. 41, 58 of the Reich Ministries joint standing orders, general section (Combined Rules of Procedure for the Reich Ministries I), in Reich Ministry of the Interior, ed.,
Gemeinsame Geschäftsordnung der Reichsministerien, Allgemeiner Teil (GGO I)
(1927), 21, 28; sec. 27 of the joint standing orders, special section (Combined Rules of Procedure for the Reich Ministries II), in Reich Ministry of the Interior, ed.,
Gemeinsame Geschäftsordnung der Reichsministerien, Allgemeiner Teil (GGO II)
, 2d, rev. ed. (1929), 14.

20.
RGBl.
I 627, 372.

21.
RGBl.
I 414.

22.
RGBl.
I 1580.

23.
RGBl.
I 887; the preamble to the Decree on the Implementation of the Four Year Plan, announced at the 1936 Reich Party Rally, gave Göring full powers over the next four years to issue decrees, regulations, and instructions to the authorities. The decree was extended for a further four years by decree of the Führer and
Reichskanzler
of October 18, 1940 (
RGBl.
I 1395), when Göring was again invested with all the previous powers.

24.
RGBl.
I 1709.

25.
The decree dated December 3, 1941, was based on sec. 1 of the second directive of the plenipotentiary for the Four Year Plan dated November 24, 1938 (
RGBl.
I 1668). The directive was based on the Decree on the Registration of Jewish Property of April 26, 1938 (
RGBl.
I 414).

26.
RGBl.
I 675.

27.
RGBl.
I 887.

28.
RGBl.
I 681.

29.
Cf. Scheuner, “Die Gerichte und die Prüfung politischer Staatshandlungen” (1936); further references in the introduction, III, 1. (“The Führer Principle”), note 80.

30.
An example can be found in Adler,
Der verwaltete Mensch;
Adler investigates the Würzburg archives, among others.

Part One. Section 1. II. Civil Service Law

1.
Prussian Minister of Justice H. Kerrl, in
Der Völkische Beobachter
, no. 88 of March 29, 1933.

2.
BVerfGE 3, 58 ff.

3.
Sec. 3, par. 1, subpar. 2, German Civil Service Code, 1937.

4.
As emphatically stated by E. Friesenhahn at the meeting of the Association of German Constitutional Law Teachers, 1954. The instrumental factor, as he put it, was the official’s constitutional situation, not his individual sentiments. In his opinion this situation could be achieved only through positive law and the historical-political facts (
VVdStRL
13 [1955]: 169). It is noteworthy that the subsequent discussion barely touched on Friesenhahn’s statements (171 ff.).

5.
A typical example was E. R. Huber in his paper “Rechtliche Gestaltung des öffentlichen Amtes und rechtliche Gestaltung des privaten Angestelltenverhältnisses” (1939), quoted by Friesenhahn, ibid., 169 f.: “The civil servant has become the bearer of the common obligations and the operative organ of the Führer’s will…. An inner commitment to the National Socialist philosophy should overcome the merely mechanical functioning of an apparatus without a soul…. The bond with the nation as a whole and unswerving obedience to the Führer’s will, which underpins the civil servant’s political oath of loyalty, are the core of public office…. By virtue of his official status, the civil servant is duty bound to the Führer to pledge unreserved loyalty and unconditional obedience; this particular political obligation of loyalty toward the Führer, reinforced as it is by the oath, is fundamental to public office.”

6.
BVerfGE in the so-called Gestapo decision, BVerfGE 6, 133 (180).

7.
Bracher, Sauer, and Schulz,
Die nationalsozialistische Machtergreifung
(1962), 171.

8.
Gerber,
Politische Erziehung
(1933).

9.
Cf. Bracher, Sauer, and Schulz,
Die nationalsozialistische Machtergreifung
(1962), 171: National Socialism was able to achieve the “antiparliamentary,” “antidemocratic revolution” without external scission, “through the official channels.”

10.
Ibid., 172; Krausnick, “Judenverfolgung” (1965), 312; Adam,
Judenpolitik im Dritten Reich
(1972), 36 ff., with examples.

11.
For more details, see Bracher, Sauer, and Schulz,
Die nationalsozialistische Machtergreifung
(1962), 174, where further references will be found.

12.
Wolfram and Klein,
Recht und Rechtspflege in den Rheinlanden
(1969), 219 ff.