Murder on the Appian Way (59 page)

In Cicero's day, as now, defence lawyers were not ashamed to come up with fanciful, even outrageous angles to absolve their clients. Then, as now, courtroom sideshows and overlong trials were a serious problem, though Pompey's one-day solution
I

might strike even the most television-weary American as too extreme.

The Pro Milone is available in the Penguin edition of
Selected Political Speeches of Cicero,
translated by Michael Grant, and in volume 14 of the Loeb Classical Library editions of Cicero, translated by N. H. Watts, who also includes an abbreviated version of Asconius's commentary. The complete text of Asconius can be found in
Commentaries on Five Speeches of Cicero,
edited and translated by Simon Squires (Bristol Classical Press and Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 1990). Our knowledge of the tumultuous events of 52 bc comes from numerous sources which vary gready in importance and reliability, including the histories and commentaries of Appian, Caesar, Velleius Paterculus, Plutarch, Quintilian and Dio Cassius, and the letters of Cicero.

Crucial to any depiction of the murder and trial is an unravelling of the conflicting details and the tangled sequence of events. Three works by modern historians have done much to sort things out: Albert C. Clark's annotated edition of the Pro Milone (Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1895), A. W. Lintott's "Cicero and Milo"
(Journal of Roman Studies
64,1974) and James S. Reubel's "The Trial of Milo in 52 bc: A Chronological Study"
(Transactions of the American Philological Association
109,1979). In deference to his scholarship (and for the sake of consistency), I have chiefly relied on Reubel's chronology.

How crucial was the murder of Clodius to subsequent events? As the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand in Sarajevo in 1914 is generally regarded as the spark that ignited World War I, so the murder of Clodius can be regarded as precipitating a chain of events that led to civil war between Pompey and Caesar and the final dissolution of the Roman Republic. As Michael Grant notes, the Pro Milone "casts a lurid light upon the savage chaos and vendetta which signalized these last moribund years of the Republic, and helped to make it inevitable that this once mighty institution should come to an end and be replaced by an autocracy."

Claude Nicolet argues the point even more explicitly in
The World of the Citizen in Republican Rome
(University of California Press, 1988): "The intervention of Pompey's troops was indeed prophetic: it sounded the knell of the free Republic and, by the same token, of Roman political and forensic eloquence. The Roman mob thought it had gained a victory by intimidating Cicero and driving Milo into exile; but all it had done was to prepare the way for civil war and thereby the Empire."

Most of my research was conducted at Doe Library and (somewhat surreptitiously) in the Classics Reading Room at the University of California at Berkeley. I want to express my personal thanks to Penni Kimmel for reading the manuscript; to Rick Solomon for various sorts of indulgence and inspiration; to Pat Urquhart, for his technical assistance with the map; to Terri Odom, for reading the galleys; and to my editor at St Martin's Press, Keith Kahla.