Monsoon: The Indian Ocean and the Future of American Power (55 page)

17.
Marshall G.S. Hodgson,
The Venture of Islam
, vol. 2,
The Expansion of Islam in the Middle Periods
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961), pp. 542–43.

18.
Risso,
Merchants & Faith
, p. 53.

19.
Ibid., pp. 5–6, 54, 71–72.

20.
Ibid., pp. 23–24.

21.
Peter Boxhall, “Portuguese Seafarers in the Indian Ocean,”
Asian Affairs
, vol. 23, no. 3 (1992).

22.
Nayan Chandra, “When Asia Was One,”
GlobalAsia: A Journal of the East Asia Foundation
, September 2006.

23.
Hall,
Empires of the Monsoon
, pp. 24–25, 63.

24.
Chanda, “When Asia Was One.”

25.
Abu-Lughod,
Before European Hegemony
, p. 253.

1.
George N. Curzon,
Frontiers: The Romanes Lecture 1907
, (1907; reprint, Boston: Elibron Classics, 2006).

2.
Ibid., pp. 13–16.

3.
Peter Mansfield,
The Arabs
(Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin, 1976), p. 371 of Penguin; Curzon,
Frontiers
, p. 42.

4.
Bernard Lewis,
The Middle East: A Brief History of the Last 2000 Years
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), p. 66. See, too, Ayesha Jalal,
Partisans of Allah
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008).

5.
Calvin H. Allen Jr., “Oman: A Separate Place,”
Wilson Quarterly
, New Year’s 1987.

6.
Ibid.

7.
Richard Hall,
Empires of the Monsoon: A History of the Indian Ocean and Its Invaders
(London: HarperCollins, 1996), p. 355.

8.
Ibid.

9.
Samuel P. Huntington,
Political Order in Changing Societies
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1968), pp. 5–6.

10.
Engseng Ho, Harvard University professor of anthropology, presentation for a conference on “Port City States of the Indian Ocean,” Harvard University and the Dubai Initiative, Feb. 9–10, 2008.

1.
C. R. Boxer,
The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415–1825
, with an introduction by J. H. Plumb (London: Hutchinson, 1969), p. 354.

2.
Landeg White, Introduction to Luiz Vaz de Camões,
The Lusíads
, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).

3.
George F. Hourani,
Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1951), p. 35.

4.
Edward Gibbon,
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
(1776; reprint, New York: Knopf, 1993), ch. 2. See, too, Janet L. Abu-Lughod,
Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 265.

5.
Abu-Lughod,
Before European Hegemony
, p. 265.

6.
Burton Stein,
A History of India
(Oxford, Eng.: Blackwell, 1998), pp. 100–104, 127–28.

7.
Richard Hall,
Empires of the Monsoon: A History of the Indian Ocean and Its Invaders
(London: HarperCollins, 1996), p. 323.

8.
For more details, see Fernand Braudel,
The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II
, vol. 2 (1949; New York: Harper & Row, 1973), pp. 1174–76.

9.
A.J.R. Russell-Wood,
The Portuguese Empire, 1415–1808: A World on the Move
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), p. 22.

10.
K. M. Pannikar,
Asia and Western Dominance
(London: Allen & Unwin, 1959), p. 17.

11.
Ibid., p. 24.

12.
Hall,
Empires of the Monsoon
, p. 190.

13.
Panikkar,
Asia and Western Dominance
, pp. 17, 24, 313.

14.
Ibid., p. 25.

15.
Peter Russell,
Prince Henry “the Navigator”: A Life
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000).

16.
Saudi Aramco World
, June/July 1962.

17.
Patricia Risso,
Merchants & Faith: Muslim Commerce and Culture in the Indian Ocean
(Boulder, CO: Westview, 1995), p. 36; Jakub J. Grygiel,
Great Powers and Geopolitical Change
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), pp. 41–42.

18.
This section draws broadly from Boxer’s
Portuguese Seaborne Empire
.

19.
Grygiel,
Great Powers and Geopolitical Change
, p. 43.

20.
William Dalrymple,
The Age of Kali: Indian Travels and Encounters
(London: HarperCollins, 1998), p. 238.

21.
Alan Villiers,
Monsoon Seas: The Story of the Indian Ocean
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1952), pp. 161–65.

22.
Fernández-Armesto,
Pathfinders
, p. 181.

23.
R. B. Sergeant,
The Portuguese Off the South Arabian Coast
(Oxford, Eng.: Clarendon, 1963,) p. 15.

24.
Michael Pearson,
The Indian Ocean
(New York: Routledge, 2003), p. 125.

25.
Plumb in Boxer,
Portuguese Seaborne Empire
, p. xxiii.

26.
Hall,
Empires of the Monsoon
, pp. 172, 198. See, too, Gaspar Correa,
The Three Voyages of Vasco da Gama
(1869; reprint, Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms, 1964); and Nick Robins,
The Corporation That Changed the World: How the East India Company Shaped the Modern Multinational
(Hyderabad, India: Orient Longman, 2006), pp. 41–42.

27.
T. E. Lawrence,
Seven Pillars of Wisdom: A Triumph
(London: Jonathan Cape, 1926, 1935), ch. 3.

28.
Boxer,
Portuguese Seaborne Empire
, pp. 377–78.

29.
Ibid., p. 296.

30.
Ibid., pp. 39–43.

31.
Risso,
Merchants & Faith
, p. 52.

32.
Russell-Wood,
Portuguese Empire
, pp. 15, 18–20.

33.
Ibid., p. 21.

34.
Fernándo Pessoa,
The Book of Disquiet
, trans. Margaret Jull Costa (1982; reprint, New York: Serpent’s Tail, 1991), p. 52.

35.
Russell-Wood,
The Portuguese Empire
, pp. 23, 198.

36.
C. M. Bowra, “Camões and the Epic of Portugal,” in his
From Virgil to Milton
(1945; reprint, London: Macmillan, 1967), pp. 99–100; Luiz Vaz de Camões,
The Lusíads
, trans. Landeg White (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), Canto Five: 81.

37.
Camões,
Lusíads
, Canto Eight: 86.

38.
Ibid., Canto Four: 87; Six: 80–84.

39.
White, Introduction to
The Lusíads
. See, too, Sanjay Subrahmanyam,
The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 154–59.

40.
Camões,
Lusíads
, Canto Five: 86.

41.
Bowra,
From Virgil to Milton
, p. 86.

42.
Camões, Canto One: 27.

43.
Camões, Canto Five: 16.

44.
Bowra,
From Virgil to Milton
, p. 97; Camões, Canto One: 64, and Ten: 102, 122.

45.
Encyclopaedia Britannica
, 11th ed. (New York, 1910).

46.
Camões, Canto One: 3.

47.
Ibid., Canto One: 99.

48.
Ibid., Canto Nine: 1.

49.
Bowra,
From Virgil to Milton
, pp. 133, 136.

50.
Camoes, Canto Four: 99.

1.
André Wink,
Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World
, vol. 1,
Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th–11th Centuries
(Boston and Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill, 1990, 2002), p. 129.

2.
John Keay,
The Honourable Company: A History of the English East India Company
(London: HarperCollins, 1991), p. 103.

3.
B. Raman, “Hambantota and Gwadar—an Update,” Institute for Topical Studies, Chennai, India, 2009.

4.
Robert G. Wirsing, “Baloch Nationalism and the Geopolitics of Energy Resources: The Changing Context of Separatism in Pakistan,” Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle, PA, Apr. 17, 2008.

5.
Wilfred Thesiger,
Arabian Sands
(New York: Dutton, 1959), p. 276.

6.
“The Great Land Robbery: Gwadar,”
The Herald
, Karachi, Pakistan, June 2008.

7.
Selig S. Harrison, “Ethnic Tensions and the Future of Pakistan,” working paper prepared for the Center for International Policy, 2008.

8.
Harrison, “Pakistan’s Baluch Insurgency,”
Le Monde Diplomatique
, October 2006.

9.
International Crisis Group, “Pakistan: The Forgotten Conflict in Balochistan,” (Islamabad/Brussels, Oct. 22, 2007).

10.
Ibid.

11.
Ibid.

12.
Ibid.

13.
Wirsing, “Baloch Nationalism and the Geopolitics of Energy Resources.”

14.
Ibid.

15.
Wink,
Al-Hind
, pp. 173, 175.

16.
Aryn Baker, “Karachi Dreams Big,”
Time
(Asia), Feb. 8, 2008.

17.
Robert D. Kaplan,
Imperial Grunts: The American Military on the Ground
(New York: Random House, 2005), p. 37.

18.
Ibid.

19.
Freya Stark,
East Is West
(London: John Murray, 1945), p. 198.

20.
John F. Richards,
Mughal Empire
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 51.

21.
William Dalrymple, “Pakistan in Peril,”
New York Review of Books
, Feb. 12, 2009.

22.
Wink,
Al-Hind
, p. 213.

23.
Joseph A. Tainter,
The Collapse of Complex Societies
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988), p. 6.

24.
Burton Stein,
A History of India
(Oxford, Eng.: Blackwell, 1998), p. 22.

25.
W. Gordon East,
The Geography Behind History
(New York: Norton, 1965), p. 142.

26.
Asif Raza Morio,
Moen Jo Daro, Mysterious City of [the] Indus Valley Civilization
(Larkana, Pakistan: Editions, 2007).