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Authors: Émile Zola

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Biographies of Zola in English

Brown, Frederick,
Zola: A Life
(London: Macmillan, 1996); with discussion of
Money
in chapter 23.

Grant, Elliott M.,
Émile Zola
(New York: Twayne Publishers, 1966).

Hemmings, F. W. J.,
The Life and Times of Émile Zola
(London: Elek Books, 1977; also paperback, London: Bloomsbury Reader, 2013).

Schom, Alan,
Émile Zola: A Bourgeois Rebel
(London: Queen Anne Press, 1987).

Vizetelly, Ernest Alfred,
Émile Zola, Novelist and Reformer: An Account of his Life and Work
(London and New York: John Lane, The Bodley Head, 1904; repr. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press).

Walker, Philip,
Zola
(London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985).

Studies of Zola and Naturalism in English

Baguley, David,
Naturalist Fiction: The Entropic Vision
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).

—— (ed.)
Critical Essays on Émile Zola
(Boston: G. K. Hall & Co., 1986).

Berg, William J., and Martin, Laurey K.,
Émile Zola Revisited
(New York: Twayne, 1992).

Bloom, Harold (ed.),
Émile Zola
(Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 2004).

Gallois, William,
Zola: The History of Capitalism
(Oxford, etc.: Peter Lang, 2000).

Griffiths, Kate,
Émile Zola and the Artistry of Adaptation
(London: Legenda, Modern Humanities Research Association and Maney Publishing, 2009).

Harrow, Susan,
Zola, the Body Modern: Pressures and Prospects of Representation
(London: Legenda, Modern Humanities Research Association and Maney Publishing, 2010).

Hemmings, F. W. J.,
Émile Zola
, 2nd edn. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966).

—— (ed.),
The Age of Realism
, ‘Pelican Guides to European Literature’ (Brighton: Harvester and New Jersey: Humanities Press, 1978).

King, Graham,
Garden of Zola: Émile Zola and his Novels for English Readers
(London: Barrie & Jenkins, 1978).

Lethbridge, Robert, and Keefe, Terry (eds.),
Zola and the Craft of Fiction
(Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1990).

Levin, Harry,
The Gates of Horn: A Study of Five French Realists
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1963).

Mitterand, Henri,
Émile Zola: Fiction and Modernity
, trans. and ed. Monica Lebron and David Baguley (London: The Émile Zola Society, 2000).

Nelson, Brian,
Zola and the Bourgeoisie
(Basingstoke: Macmillan), includes ‘
L’Argent
, Energy and Order’, pp. 158–92.

—— (ed.),
Naturalism in the European Novel: New Critical Perspectives
(New York and Oxford: Berg, 1992).

—— (ed.),
The Cambridge Companion to Émile Zola
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).

Nelson, Roy Jay,
Causality and Narrative in French Fiction: From Zola to Robbe-Grillet
(Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Press, 1990); on Zola’s Modernist aspects.

Pollard, Patrick (ed.),
Émile Zola Centenary Colloquium
(London: The Émile Zola Society, 1995).

Schor, Naomi,
Zola’s Crowds
(Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1978).

Thompson, Hannah (ed.),
New Approaches to Zola: Selected Papers from the 2002 Cambridge Centenary Colloquium
(London: The Émile Zola Society, 2003).

Wilson, Angus,
Émile Zola: An Introductory Study of his Novels
(London: Mercury Books, 1965).

Historical, Political, and Cultural Background

Baguley, David,
Napoleon III and His Regime: An Extravaganza
(Baton Rouge, La.: Louisiana State University Press, 2000).

Bell, David F.,
Models of Power, Politics and Economics in Zola’s ‘Rougon-Macquart
’ (Lincoln, Nebr.: University of Nebraska Press, 1988); includes a chapter on Saccard.

Brown, Frederick,
For the Soul of France: Culture Wars in the Age of Dreyfus
(New York: Anchor Books, 2010); includes chapter on crash of Bontoux’s bank.

Friedrich, Otto,
Olympia: Paris in the Time of Manet
(London: Aurum Press, 1992).

Jennings, Jeremy,
Revolution and the Republic: A History of Political Thought in France since the Eighteenth Century
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).

Jones, Colin,
Paris: Biography of a City
(London: Penguin Books, 2004).

McAuliffe, Mary,
Dawn of the Belle Époque: The Paris of Monet, Zola, Bernhardt, Eiffel, Debussy, Clemenceau and their Friends
(Lanham, etc.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2011).

Ollivier, Émile,
The Liberal Empire of Napoleon III
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963).

Thompson, Victoria E.,
The Virtuous Marketplace: Women and Men, Money and Politics in Paris 1830–1870
(Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000).

Zeldin, Theodore,
France 1848–1945: Politics and Anger
(Oxford: Oxford University Press; repr. 1982).

Articles and Chapters of Special Interest

Cousins, Russell, ‘The Serialization and Publication of
L’Argent
: The Genesis of a Literary Event in France and in England’,
Bulletin of the Émile Zola Society
, 14 (Sept. 1996), 9–19.

Gallois, William, ‘The Forgotten Legacy of Émile Zola’,
Bulletin of the Émile Zola Society
, 18 (Sept. 1998), 7–12.

Harrow, Susan, ‘Zola’s Paris and the Spaces of Proto-modernism’,
Bulletin of the Émile Zola Society
, 43–4 (Apr.–Oct. 2011), 40–51.

Mitterand, Henri, ‘Zola, “ce rêveur définitif”’,
Australian Journal of French Studies
, 38: 3, special issue: ‘Zola: Modern Perspectives’ (Sept.–Dec. 2001), 321–35 (repr. in Bloom (ed.),
Émile Zola
, above).

Filmography

A Danish film of
L’Argent
was made in 1913, and an Italian film in 1914.

Marcel L’Herbier:
L’Argent
, 1928.

Pierre Billon:
L’Argent
, 1936.

A television version in three parts was made in 1988 by Jacques Rouffio, from
L’Argent
adapted by Claude Brûlé.

Further Reading in Oxford World’s Classics

Dickens, Charles,
Little Dorrit
, ed. Harvey Peter Sucksmith and Dennis Walder.

Trollope, Anthony,
The Way We Live Now
, ed. John Sutherland.

Zola, Émile,
L’Assommoir
, trans. Margaret Mauldon, ed. Robert Lethbridge.

——
The Belly of Paris
, trans. Brian Nelson.

——
La Bête humaine
, trans. Roger Pearson.

——
The Fortune of the Rougons
, trans. Brian Nelson.

——
Germinal
, trans. Peter Collier, ed. Robert Lethbridge.

——
The Kill
, trans. Brian Nelson.

——
The Ladies’Paradise
, trans. Brian Nelson.

——
The Masterpiece
, trans. Thomas Walton, revised by Roger Pearson.

——
Nana
, trans. Douglas Parmée.

——
Pot Luck
, trans. Brian Nelson.

——
Thérèse Raquin
, trans. Andrew Rothwell.

A CHRONOLOGY OF ÉMILE ZOLA

1840

(2 April) Born in Paris, the only child of Francesco Zola (b. 1795), an Italian engineer, and Émilie, née Aubert (b. 1819), the daughter of a glazier. The naturalist novelist was later proud that ‘zolla’ in Italian means ‘clod of earth’.

1843

Family moves to Aix-en-Provence.

1847

(27 March) Death of father from pneumonia following a chill caught while supervising work on his scheme to supply Aix-en-Provence with drinking water.

1852–8

Boarder at the Collège Bourbon at Aix. Friendship with Baptistin Baille and Paul Cézanne. Zola, not Cézanne, wins the school prize for drawing.

1858

(February) Leaves Aix to settle in Paris with his mother (who had preceded him in December). Offered a place and bursary at the Lycée Saint-Louis. (November) Falls ill with ‘brain fever’ (typhoid) and convalescence is slow.

1859

Fails his
baccalauréat
twice.

1860

(Spring) Is found employment as a copy-clerk but abandons it after two months, preferring to eke out an existence as an impecunious writer in the Latin Quarter of Paris.

1861

Cézanne follows Zola to Paris, where he meets Camille Pissarro, fails the entrance examination to the École des Beaux-Arts, and returns to Aix in September.

1862

(February) Taken on by Hachette, the well-known publishing house, at first in the dispatch office and subsequently as head of the publicity department. (31 October) Naturalized as a French citizen. Cézanne returns to Paris and stays with Zola.

1863

(31 January) First literary article published. (1 May) Manet’s
Déjeuner sur l’herbe
exhibited at the Salon des Refusés, which Zola visits with Cézanne.

1864

(October)
Tales for Ninon
.

1865

Claude’s Confession
. A
succès de scandale
thanks to its bedroom scenes. Meets future wife Alexandrine-Gabrielle Meley (b. 1839), the illegitimate daughter of teenage parents who soon separated, and whose mother died in September 1849.

1866

Resigns his position at Hachette (salary: 200 francs a month) and
becomes a literary critic on the recently launched daily
L’Événement
(salary: 500 francs a month). Self-styled ‘humble disciple’ of Hippolyte Taine. Writes a series of provocative articles condemning the official Salon Selection Committee, expressing reservations about Courbet, and praising Manet and Monet. Begins to frequent the Café Guerbois in the Batignolles quarter of Paris, the meeting-place of the future Impressionists. Antoine Guillemet takes Zola to meet Manet. Summer months spent with Cézanne at Bennecourt on the Seine. (15 November)
L’Événement
suppressed by the authorities.

1867

(November)
Thérèse Raquin
.

1868

(April) Preface to second edition of
Thérèse Raquin
. (May) Manet’s portrait of Zola exhibited at the Salon. (December)
Madeleine Férat
. Begins to plan for the Rougon-Macquart series of novels.

1868–70

Working as journalist for a number of different newspapers.

1870

(31 May) Marries Alexandrine in a registry office. (September) Moves temporarily to Marseilles because of the Franco-Prussian War.

1871

Political reporter for
La Cloche
(in Paris) and
Le Sémaphore de Marseille
. (March) Returns to Paris. (October) Publishes
The Fortune of the Rougons
, the first of the twenty novels making up the Rougon-Macquart series.

1872

The Kill
.

1873

(April)
The Belly of Paris
.

1874

(May)
The Conquest of Plassans
. First independent Impressionist exhibition. (November)
Further Tales for Ninon
.

1875

Begins to contribute articles to the Russian newspaper
Vestnik Evropy
(
European Herald
). (April)
The Sin of Father Mouret
.

1876

(February)
His Excellency Eugène Rougon
. Second Impressionist exhibition.

1877

(February)
L’Assommoir
.

1878

Buys a house at Médan on the Seine, 40 kilometres west of Paris. (June)
A Page of Love
.

1880

(March)
Nana
. (May)
Les Soirées de Médan
(an anthology of short stories by Zola and some of his naturalist ‘disciples’, including Maupassant). (8 May) Death of Flaubert. (September) First of a series of articles for
Le Figaro
. (17 October) Death of his mother. (December)
The Experimental Novel
.

1882

(April)
Pot Luck
(
Pot-Bouille
). (3 September) Death of Turgenev.

1883

(13 February) Death of Wagner. (March)
The Ladies’ Paradise
(
Au Bonheur des Dames
). (30 April) Death of Manet.

1884

(March)
La Joie de vivre
. Preface to catalogue of Manet exhibition.

1885

(March)
Germinal
. (12 May) Begins writing
The Masterpiece
(
L’Œuvre
). (22 May) Death of Victor Hugo. (23 December) First instalment of
The Masterpiece
appears in
Le Gil Blas
.

1886

(27 March) Final instalment of
The Masterpiece
, which is published in book form in April.

1887

(18 August) Denounced as an onanistic pornographer in the
Manifesto of the Five
in
Le Figaro
. (November)
Earth
.

1888

(October)
The Dream
. Jeanne Rozerot becomes his mistress.

1889

(20 September) Birth of Denise, daughter of Zola and Jeanne.

1890

(March)
The Beast in Man
.

1891

(March)
Money
. (April) Elected President of the Société des Gens de Lettres. (25 September) Birth of Jacques, son of Zola and Jeanne.

1892

(June)
La Débâcle
.

1893

(July)
Doctor Pascal
, the last of the Rougon-Macquart novels. Fêted on visit to London.

1894

(August)
Lourdes
, the first novel of the trilogy
Three Cities
. (22 December) Dreyfus found guilty by a court martial.

1896

(May)
Rome
.

1898

(13 January) ‘J’accuse’, his article in defence of Dreyfus, published in
L’Aurore
. (21 February) Found guilty of libelling the Minister of War and given the maximum sentence of one year’s imprisonment and a fine of 3,000 francs. Appeal for retrial granted on a technicality. (March)
Paris
. (23 May) Retrial delayed. (18 July) Leaves for England instead of attending court.

1899

(4 June) Returns to France. (October)
Fecundity
, the first of his
Four Gospels
.

1901

(May)
Toil
, the second ‘Gospel’.

1902

(29 September) Dies of fumes from his bedroom fire, the chimney having been capped either by accident or anti-Dreyfusard design. Wife survives. (5 October) Public funeral.

1903

(March)
Truth
, the third ‘Gospel’, published posthumously.
Justice
was to be the fourth.

1908

(4 June) Remains transferred to the Panthéon.

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