Modern Times: The World From the Twenties to the Nineties (167 page)

50
Michael Balfour, ‘The Origins of the Formula “Unconditional Surrender” in World War Two’
,
Armed Forces and Society
(Chicago University, Winter 1979)
.

51
Hans Speidel
,
Invasion 1944
(Tübingen 1961), 155
.

52
Quoted in Schmidt, op. cit
.

53
Hitler’s Table-Talk
,
657, 661, 666, 684; Fest, op. cit., 1057, 1063
.

54
Fest, op. cit., 1057–9
.

55
See Hugh Trevor-Roper, ‘Thomas Carlyle’s Historical Philosophy’
,
The Times Literary Supplement
,
26 June 1981, 731–4
.

56
Quoted in Hugh Trevor-Roper
,
The Last Days of Hitler
(London 1947), 51
.

57
Albert Zollar
,
Hitler privat
(Dusseldorf 1949), 150
.

58
Fest, op. cit., 1069ff., 1077, 1104–12
.

59
A.MitscherlichandF.Mielke
,
The Death Doctors
(London 1962), 236ff.; Manvell and Fraenkel
,
Himmler
,
87ff.; Holborn, op. cit., 811
.

60
Manvell and Fraenkel
,
Himmler
,
117
.

61
Fest, op. cit., 1011
.

62
Manvell and Fraenkel
,
Himmler
,
118–19
.

63
Ibid., 120–2
.

64
Borkin, op. cit., 122–3
.

65
For a selection see Raul Hilberg (ed.)
,
Documents of Destruction: Germany and Jewry 1933–1945
(New York 1971), and his
Destruction of the European Jews
(New York 1961)
.

66
Martin Gilbert
,
Final Journey: the Fate of the Jews in Nazi Europe
(London 1979), 69–70
.

67
Quoted from Gerald Reitlinger
,
The Final Solution
(London 1953)
.

68
Gilbert
,
Final Journey
,
77–8
.

69
Speer, op. cit., 302–4
.

70
Ibid., 368 note 23
.

71
See Benjamin B. Ferencz
,
Less than Slaves: Jewish Forced Labor and the Quest for Compensation
(Harvard 1981)
.

72
Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal
,
ed. L.D.Egbert, 42 vols (Nuremberg 1947–9), 1245
.

73
Borkin, op. cit., 111–27
.

74
Gilbert
,
Final Journey
,
78
.

75
Manvell and Fraenkel
,
Himmler
,
91
.

76
Ibid., 104–11. See also Mitscherlich and Mielke, op. cit
.

77
Manvell and Fraenkel
,
Himmler
,
Appendix B, 252–3
.

78
Ibid., 136–7, 196–7
.

79
Gilbert
,
Final Journey
,
70; Luba Krugman Gurdus
,
The Death
Train (New York 1979)
.

80
See, for a discussion of this aspect, Rainer C. Baum
,
The Holocaust and the German Elite: Genocide and National Suicide in Germany 1871–1945
(London 1982)
.

81
Gerald Reitlinger
,
The SS: Alibi of a Nation, 1922–1945
(London 1956), 377
.

82
Maurice Raisfus
, Les Juifs dans la Collaboration: L’UGIF
1943–1944 (Paris 1981)
.

83
Michael R. Marrus and Robert O. Paxton
,
Vichy France and the Jews
(New York 1981)
.

84
Martin Gilbert
,
Auschwitz and the Allies
(London 1981), 267–70
.

85
Quoted in ibid
.

86
John Wheeler-Bennett and Anthony Nicholls
,
The Semblance of Peace: the Political Settlement after the Second World War
(New York 1972), 146–8, 166; Alexander Werth
,
Russia at War 1941–1945
(New York 1965), 267–8
.

87
Aaron Goldman, ‘Germans and Nazis: the controversy over “Vansittartism” in Britain during the Second World War’
,
Journal of Contemporary History
,
14 (1979), 155–91
.

88
Manvell and Fraenkel
,
Himmler
,
157, 169–70, 266 footnote 20
.

89
Borkin, op. cit., 135–56
.

90
Figures from Ferencz
,
Less than Slaves
.

91
Tolland, op. cit., 499 footnote
.

92
James, op. cit., 322
.

93
Tolland, op. cit., 477–8
.

94
James, op. cit., 246–7, 321, 396
.

95 Ibid., 299; Tolland, op. cit., 468.

96 Tolland, op. cit., 469–71.

97 James, op. cit., 246–7.

98 Ibid, 293.

99 Lansing Lamont,
Day of Trinity
(New York 1965), 235.

100 For the bomb decision, see Martin
Sherwin
,
A World Destroyed: the Atomic Bomb and the Grand
Alliance
(New York 1975), chapter 8.

101 Tolland, op. cit., 756.

102 Calculation of Professor Shogo Nagaoka, First curator of the Peace Memorial in Hiroshima, Tolland, op. cit., 790 footnote.

103 James, op. cit., 328; Shapley, op. cit.

104 Tolland, op. cit., 813 footnote.

105 Text in R. J. C. Butow, Japan’s
Decision to Surrender
(Stanford
1954) 248.

106 Beaseley, op. cit., 277–8.

107 See the International Military Tribunal for the Far East,
Proceedings
,
3 May 1946 to
16 April 1946,
Judgement
, November 1948, Tokyo.

108 James, op. cit., 259–60.

109 PhilipR.Piccigallo,
The Japanese
on Trial: Allied War Crimes Operations in the East 1945–1951
(Austin 1979), 27.

110 Ibid., 23, for dissenting opinions.

111 Quoted in Mosley, op. cit.

112 Samuel Eliot Morrison,
History of
the US Naval Operations in World War Two:
VII
Aleutians, Gilberts
and Marshalls
(Washington DC 1951).

113 Tolland, op. cit., 677 footnote.

114 Sherwin, op. cit., 302.

115 Poole, op. cit., 130.

116 James, op. cit., 335–40.

117 Nicholas Bethell,
The Last Secret:
Forcible Repatriation to Russia
1944–1947
(London 1974), 5.

118 Ibid., 8–13; Carlton, op. cit., 239–42.

119 Ibid.; Bethell, op. cit., 57–60.

120 Joseph Hecomovic,
Tito’s
Death-Marches and Extermination
Camps
(New York 1962) 23.

121 Bethell, op. cit., 82, 101, 131–3, 142–3.

13 Peace by Terror

1 Rhodes James (ed.), op. cit., 505.

2 Quoted in Charles Bohlen,
Witness
to History 1929–1969
(New York
1973), 26–9.

3 Robert Sherwood,
Roosevelt and Hopkins
, 2 vols (New York 1950), 1387–423; Adam B. Ulam,
Stalin:
the Man and his Era
(New York
1973), 539–42, 560–1.

4 Yergin, op. cit., 54.

5 Winston Churchill,
Wartime
Correspondence
(London 1960)
, 196.

6 Cairo Conference 1943. Quoted in Terry Anderson,
The United
States, Great Britain and the Cold
War 1944–1947
(Colombia 1981), 4.

7 Quoted in Robert Garson, ‘The Atlantic Alliance, East Europe and the Origin of the Cold War’ in H.C.Allen and Rogert Thompson
(eds)
,
Contrast and Connection
(Athens, Ohio 1976), 298–9.

8
Lord Moran
,
Churchill: the Struggle for Survival, 1940–1944
(London 1968), 154.

9 John Wheeler-Bennett and Anthony Nicholls,
The Semblance
of Peace: the Political Settlement after the Second World War
(New
York 1972), 290.

10 Anderson, op. cit., 15.

11 John R.Deane,
The Strange
Alliance: the Story of American Efforts at Wartime Co-operation
with Russia
(London 1947), 298.

12
LisleA.Rose
,
Dubious Victory: the United States and the End of World War Two
(Kent, Ohio
1973), 16–7.