Miracles and Massacres (39 page)

“Lt. Butch O'Hare: Navy's First Flying Ace.” National WWII Museum. February 20, 2012.
http://www.nww2m.com/2012/02/lt-butch-ohare/
.

Offner, Larry. “The Butch O'Hare Story.”
St Louis Magazine
, July 2005.
http://www.stlmag.com/St-Louis-Magazine/July-2005/The-Butch-OHare-Story/
.

Sherman, Stephen. “Grumman F4F Wildcat: 7860 Planes Produced, Starting in December, 1940.”
Acepilots.com
. May 2002.
http://acepilots.com/planes/f4f_wildcat.html
.

Sherman, Stephen. “Lt. Cdr. Edward “Butch” O'Hare: First U.S. Navy Ace, Medal of Honor Recipient.”
Acepilots.com
. June 1999.
acepilots.com/usn_ohare.html
.

“USS
Lexington
(CV-2).”
Wikipedia
.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Lexington_%28CV-2%29
.

There are a few imagined characters and sequences in this chapter that are worth pointing out: Eddie's girlfriend at the speakeasy is not a specific, real-life person. The scene when Eddie first meets Al Capone is fictionalized; we do not know specifically when they met each other for the first time. It's not known specifically when and how the first contact was made between Eddie and the authorities, or when Eddie first made his decision to turn on Capone.

Chapter 8: The Saboteurs: In a Time of War, the Laws Are Silent

Most facts used to craft this story were taken from a terrific book by Michael Dobbs,
Saboteurs: The Nazi Raid on America,
published by Vintage in 2005.

Other sources used:

Fisher, Louis.
Nazi Saboteurs on Trial: A Military Tribunal and American Law
. University Press of Kansas, 2005.

Goldsmith, Jack.
The Terror Presidency: Law and Judgment Inside the Bush Administration
. Norton, 2009.

Transcript from
260: The Facts Don't Matter
. Originally aired on March 12, 2004.
http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/260/transcript
.

Williams, Nathan. “What Happened to the 8 Germans Tried by a Military Court in World War II?” George Mason University's History News Network. July 8, 2002.
http://hnn.us/articles/431.html
.

Most of the dialogue in this chapter was imagined, but the following quotations were taken in whole or in part from the historical record:

“If you fellas are ready to ship out tonight, we will take you. If not, leave now.”: Dobbs, 90.

Most of the dialogue between John Cullen and George Dasch during their Long Island encounter was taken from Dobbs, pp. 92–94.

“I have a lot to talk to you about”: Dobbs, 115–16.

“I know what you are going to tell me. I am quite sure that our intentions are very similar”: Dobbs, 116.

“I want the truth, nothing else—regardless of what it is”: Dobbs, 119.

“I never intended to carry out the orders”: Dobbs, 122.

“Can you spell that, sir”: Dobbs, 125.

“I, Franz Daniel Pastorius”: Dobbs, 126.

“a statement of military as well as political value”: Dobbs, 140.

“Did New York tell you I was on my way?”: Dobbs, 141.

“Got safely into town last night and contacted the responsible parties”: Dobbs, 142.

“I have a long story to tell but I want to tell it my own way”: Dobbs, 143.

“Is there any way you can get in touch”: “This American Life,”
WBEZ
, March 4, 2004,
http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/260/transcript
.

“Ammonia! I passed the handkerchief”: Dobbs, 166.

“My mind is all upside down”: Dobbs, 181.

“apprehended all members of the group which landed on Long Island”: Dobbs, 166–67.

“Urinated at 11:40
P.M
. Appears a little depressed”: Dobbs, 182.

“I have a very important statement to make”: Dobbs, 193.

“Before the men could begin carrying out their orders”: Dobbs, 194.

“Not enough, Francis. Let's make real money out of them”: Dobbs, 195.

“Realism calls for a stone wall and a firing squad”: Goldsmith, 51–52.

“Shoot them”: Dobbs, 222.

“Americans want to hear”: Williams, History News Network.

“The Eight Nazi Spies Should Die”: “This American Life.”

“six who I take it are German citizens”: Dobbs, 195.

“the roar of rifles in the hands of a firing squad”: Williams, History News Network.

“Here again it is my inclination”: Dobbs, 195.

“I want one thing clearly understood, Francis”: Dobbs, 196.

“There go the spies”: Dobbs, 209.

“invalid and unconstitutional . . . open in the territory in which we are now located”: Dobbs, 211.

“The commission does not sustain”: Dobbs, 212.

“Not guilty”: Dobbs, 213.

“What should be done with them? Should they be shot or hanged?”: Dobbs, 223.

“The United States and the German Reich are now at war”: Dobbs, 242–43.

“damned scoundrels . . . low-down, ordinary, enemy spies”: Dobbs, 241.

“Yes, sir”: Dobbs, 259.

Letter from Herbie Haupt to his Parents: Dobbs, 250.

“Inter Arma Silent Leges”: Dobbs, 270.

“I certainly hope the military”: Dobbs, 268.

“The opinion was not good literature”: Dobbs, 269.

“an obsessive, compulsive, neurotic personality type”: Dobbs, 270–71.

Notes on specific scenes and characters:

In the Supreme Court courtroom scene, we quote from a memo that Frankfurter wrote to his colleagues. As currently written, it's clear that Frankfurter is not saying the quote live during the oral argument, but it is ambiguous in our story when Frankfurter actually wrote it. According to the record, he actually wrote it a few months later, as the Court was trying to write the opinion.

Peter Burger actually did send Hoover a Christmas card annually after his release. The scene in December 1971 where Hoover is going through Christmas cards is, however, imagined.

The epilogue tells the story of Yasir Hamdi. We have told the story as if Hamdi and his family were credible sources, although, of course, they had an incentive to whitewash his actions in Afghanistan.

In addition, the Hamdi decision is a complicated and controversial decision, and any interpretation of it is likely to generate disagreement. There is ongoing debate about what the decision means and we used the case merely to prove the point that the saboteurs' decision continues to influence important cases.

Chapter 9: Who Is Tokyo Rose?

Most of the facts used to create this story came from the following sources:

Close, Frederick P.
Tokyo Rose/An American Patriot: A Dual Biography
. Scarecrow Press, 2009.

Duus, Masayo.
Tokyo Rose: Orphan of the Pacific
. Kodansha America, 1979.

Gunn, Rex B.
They Called Her Tokyo Rose
. Expanded 2nd ed. Brent Bateman, 2008.

Howe, Russell Warren.
The Hunt for “Tokyo Rose.”
Madison Books, 1989.

Kawashima, Yasuhide.
The Tokyo Rose Case: Treason on Trial
. University Press of Kansas, 2013.

“ ‘Tokyo Rose' Vindicated Before Her Death.”
Human Events
, September 27, 2006.
http://www.humanevents.com/2006/09/27/tokyo-rose-vindicated-before-her-death/
.

Most of the dialogue in this chapter was imagined, but the following quotations were taken in whole or in part from the historical record:

“We will show that in one broadcast after the Battle of Leyte Gulf”: Gunn, 189.

“The men often tune in on Radio Tokyo to hear the cultured, accentless English”: Close, 199.

“ ‘homesicky' . . . This is an Imperial Order . . . The only women we can trust, Iva”: Gunn, 81.

“This is crazy! I can't do this! I'm no good at it”: Kawashima, 32.

“Until we've defeated Japan”: Howe, 26.

“Who is Tokyo Rose? Tokyo Rose delivers”: Close, 199–200.

“Greetings, everybody!”: Gunn, 115.

“No one knows for sure who Tokyo Rose really is”: Close, 200.

“Want to make a deal?”: Kawashima, 38.

“You are Tokyo Rose? . . . I am just one of them”: Duus, 21.

“You worked at Radio Tokyo . . . You announced”: Duus, 21–22.

“she will do”: Duus, 22.

“The one and original Tokyo Rose”: Duus, 22.

“TRAITOR'S PAY: TOKYO ROSE GOT 100 YEN A MONTH . . . $6.60 . . . In an exclusive interview with this correspondent”: Duus, 25.

“Good evening, Mr. and Mrs. America, and all the ships at sea!”: Duus, 111.

“Emperor-lovers and friends of the Zaibatsu”: Duus, 117.

“There is insufficient evidence to make out a prima facie case”: Gunn, 168.

“The government witnesses, almost to a man”: Gunn, 169.

“The government's evidence likewise will show”: Gunn, 169.

“Any other Japanese bring you food besides”: Gunn, 219.

“Did you do anything whatsoever . . . Never”: Duus, 208.

“Has the jury arrived at a verdict? . . . Guilty”: Kawashima, 1.

“Throughout an ordeal that has lasted decades, Iva Toguri”: “Tokyo Rose Vindicated Before Her Death,”
Human Events
, September 26, 2006,
http://www.humanevents.com/2006/09/27/tokyo-rose-vindicated-before-her-death/
.

“I'm proud of you, girl. You didn't change your stripes”: Duus, 130.

Notes on specific scenes and characters:

Some details in the July 4, 1946, scene are imagined, including the exact date. What's known is that around that time a group of peeping-tom congressmen watched her get out of the shower in prison.

One year before Iva Toguri's trial, Thomas DeWolfe wrote a memo in which he said that the charges against her should not be brought and could not be proven. However, we do not know for certain that he believed her to be innocent at the time of the trial.

The description of the government's case against Iva is told from Iva's point of view. Undoubtedly, if told from the government's point of view, the case against her would appear stronger. In addition, we say that Harry Brundidge suborned perjury from Mitsushio and Oki. Brundidge did actually go to Japan and suborn perjury from some potential witnesses, but we don't know whether Mitsushio's and Oki's perjury was directly suborned by Brundidge or by someone else.

Chapter 10: The Battle of Athens: Repeated Petitions, Repeated Injuries

Most of the facts used to create this story came from the following sources:

“The Battle of Athens: 2 August 1946.”
http://www.constitution.org/mil/tn/batathen.htm
.

“The Battle of Athens, Tennessee.”
Guns and Ammo
(October 1995): 50–51.
http://jpfo.org/filegen-a-m/athens.htm
.

Byrum, C. Stephen.
The Battle of Athens, Tennessee
. Tapestry Press, 1996.

Gibson, Kelly. “Ex-GIs Battle for the Ballot.”
VFW Magazine
, August 2012.

Martin, Ralph G.
The GI War, 1941–1945
. Little, Brown, 1967.

Pierce, Charles P. “The Battle of Athens Revisited.”
Esquire
, December 18, 2012.
http://www.esquire.com/blogs/politics/larry-pratt-gun-owners-action-league-on-battle-of-athens-121812
.

Seiber, Lones. “The Battle of Athens.”
American Heritage
, February/March 1985.

“Tennessee: Battle of the Ballots.”
Time
, August 12, 1946.

University of Tennessee Knoxville, An Interview with Bill White for the Veteran's Oral History Project, 2000. Note: Bill White's oral history was given fifty-four years after the events and some of his recollections are inconsistent with the recollections of others who were present. For these reasons, we do not consider White's oral history to be entirely reliable, and we consequently were not bound by it.

White, Theodore H. “The Battle of Athens, Tennessee.”
Harper's Monthly
(January 1947): 54–60.

Most of the dialogue in this chapter was imagined, but the following quotations were taken in whole or in part from the historical record:

“My God, there ain't none of them gonna get in here”: Bill White Oral History, 12.

“Jesus is Coming Soon!” and “Prepare to Meet God!”: White, “The Battle of Athens, Tennessee.”

“Got some big huntin' to do—some
big
huntin”: Byrum, 121.

“You can't vote . . . You can't vote here today!”: Byrum, 129.

“bravest of the brave . . . best of the best”: Bill White Oral History, 39.

“That government, being instituted for the common benefit”: Martin, 490.

“We're going to have to get some charges up there on the building”: Bill White Oral History, 22.

Notes on specific scenes and characters:

The August 3, 1936, scene is imagined, as are many of the details. We don't know much about what Bill White's parents did for a living, but we do know that Bill grew up relatively poor (the part about not having a lot of shoes is from his oral history). We also know he liked westerns, though we don't know specifically whether he listened to the
Lone Ranger.

The December 8, 1941, scene is imagined, though it is based on known facts about the characters present, such as Windy Wise.

The November 16, 1945, scene is imagined but was inspired by the fact that many GIs were beaten up, arrested, and fined. The record is not clear about specific names.

The March 24, 1946, scene is imagined, though it was inspired by the fact that there was a secret meeting before this date that Bill White was not at.