Men in Black (29 page)

8.
Stuart Taylor, Jr., “Case on Rights for Homosexuals Will be Heard by Supreme Court,”
New York Times
, November 5, 1985.

9.
Ibid. Al Kamen, “High Court to Review Rights of States to Regulate Adults’ Sexual Activities; Constitutional Issue Addressed for First Time in Sodomy Case,”
Washington Post
, November 5, 1985; Stuart Taylor, Jr., “High Court, 5–4, Says States Have the Right to Outlaw Private Homosexual Acts; Division is Bitter,”
New York Times
, July 1, 1986. “Powell Wavered on Sodomy Ruling,”
Chicago Tribune
, July 14, 1986.

10.
Bowers v. Hardwick
, 478 U.S. 186, 191 (1986).

11.
Ibid.

12.
Ibid., 191–92.

13.
Ibid., 193–94.

14.
Ibid., 194.

15.
Ibid., 195.

16.
Ibid., 195–96.

17.
Ibid., 216.

18.
Ibid., 196.

19.
Ned Zeman and Michael Meyer, “No ‘Special Rights’ for Gays,”
Newsweek
, November 23, 1992.

20.
Editorial, “The Case for the Colorado Boycott,”
New York Times
, December 21, 1992.

21.
Al Knight, “Romer’s political instincts don’t live up to their billing,”
Denver Post
, October 30, 1994.

22.
Romer v. Evans
, 517 U.S. 620 (1996).

23.
Kennedy was President Ronald Reagan’s third choice for his seat on the Court, following the 58–42 Senate vote against Robert Bork and Douglas Ginsburg’s withdrawal.

24.
Romer v. Evans
, 517 U.S. 620, 631 (1996).

25.
Ibid., 632.

26.
Ibid., 636, citing
Bowers v. Hardwick
, 478 U.S. 186 (1986).

27.
Ibid., 641.

28.
Ibid., 653.

29.
Lawrence v. Texas
, 538 U.S. 918 (2003).

30.
Charles Lane, “Justices Overturn Texas Sodomy Ban; Ruling is Landmark Victory for Gay Rights,”
Washington Post
, June 27, 2003.

31.
Paul Duggan, “Texas Sodomy Arrest Opens Legal Battle for Gay Activists,”
Washington Post
, November 29, 1998.

32.
Lawrence v. Texas
, 2003 U.S. TRANS LEXIS 30 (U.S. TRANS, 2003). A transcript that identifies which justice is speaking is available on the Internet at www.oyez.org/oyez/resource/case/1542/argument/transcript). The full text of the poem, written by an Oxford student in 1680, is, “I do not love thee, Dr. Fell, The reason why I cannot tell; But this alone I know full well, I do not love thee, Dr. Fell.” (Michael Kirkland, “Court hears challenge to Texas sodomy ban,” United Press International, March 26, 2003. )

33.
Ibid.

34.
Associated Press, April 20, 2003.

35.
“Senate Republican Caucus chair Rick Santorum is a bigot,”
Capital Times
(Madison, WI) April 25, 2003.

36.
New Republic
, May 5, 2003.

37.
Lawrence v. Texas
, 123 S. Ct. 2472, 2475 (2003).

38.
Ibid., 2494.

39.
Ibid., 2480.

40.
Ibid., 2481.

41.
Ibid., 2484.

42.
Ibid.

43.
Ibid., 2495.

44.
Ibid., 2498.

45.
Lambda Legal Defense Fund, “A New Era for Gay Americans,” June 26, 2003, available at www.lambdalegal.org.

46.
Transcript of Susan Sommer, Lambda Legal Supervising Attorney, discussing
Lawrence v. Texas
, June 26, 2003. Available at www.lambdalegal.org.

47.
Goodridge v. Dept. of Pub. Health
, 14 Mass. L. Rep. 591 (Mass. Super. Ct. 2002).

48.
Goodridge v. Dept. of Pub. Health
, 440 Mass. 309, 312 (Mass. 2003).

49.
Ibid., 343.

50.
Ibid.

51.
Ibid., 344.

52.
Opinions of the Justices to the Senate, 440 Mass. 1201, 1202 (Mass. 2004).

53.
Ibid., 1207–08.

54.
Ken Maguire, “Marriage-license applications given to same-sex couples in Massachusetts,” Associated Press, May 17, 2004.

55.
U.S. Constitution, Article IV, § 1.

56.
28 USC § 1738(C) (2004).

57.
Matthew Spaulding, “A Defining Moment: Marriage, the Courts, and the Constitution,” Heritage Foundation Reports, Backgrounder No. 1759, May 17, 2004.

58.
Kelly Wiese, “Missouri Voters Approve Gay Marriage Ban,” Associated Press Online, August 24, 2004.

59.
Frank J. Murray, “Despite Constitution, states choose marital laws they want,”
Washington Times
, December 10, 1996.

60.
U.S. Constitution, Article III, § 2.

61.
Maggie Gallagher, “An Ambiguous Amendment,”
National Review Online
, March 29, 2004.

62.
Associated Press, “Bush expresses support for constitutional amendment,” February 24, 2004.

63.
Ibid.

64.
Facts on File World News Digest, “Senate Blocks Amendment Barring Same-Sex Marriages; Republicans Divided,” July 15, 2004.

65.
Marriage has never been exclusively a state matter. As columnist Maggie Gallagher wrote: Why is monogamy both the legal and social norm in America? For one reason only: Between 1862 and 1887, Congress repeatedly passed laws designed to stamp out polygamy in U.S. territory. The lengths to which Congress went strike us now as extreme. But without decisive federal intervention, America today would have polygamy in some states and not in others. In 1862, Congress passed the Morrill Act criminalizing bigamy. Under that law, no married person could “marry any other person, whether single or married, in a Territory of the United States,” under penalty of a $500 fine or five years in prison. In 1874, responding to the difficulty of getting convictions in regions where people supported polygamy, Congress passed the Poland Act, transferring plural marriage cases from Mormon-controlled probate courts to the federal system. In 1882, Congress passed the Edmunds Act, which vacated the government in the Utah territory, created a five-man commission to oversee elections, and forbade any polygamist, past or present, to vote. By 1887, half the prison population in Utah territory were people charged with polygamy. That year, Congress passed the Edmunds-Tucker Act, which, partly to facilitate polygamy convictions, allowed wives to testify against husbands in court. By 1890, the Church of the Latter Day Saints threw in the towel, advising its members “to refrain from contracting any marriages forbidden by the law of the land.” Maggie Gallagher, “Latter Day Federalists,”
Weekly Standard
, March 29, 2004.

66.
Helen Dewar, “Ban on Gay Marriage Fails,”
Washington Post
, July 15, 2004.

67.
Mary Fitzgerald and Alan Cooperman, “Marriage Protection Act Passes,”
Washington Post
, July 23, 2004.

68.
Steven Dinan, “House targets marriage validation,”
Washington Times
, July 23, 2004.

69.
Ibid.

Chapter Six: Endorsing Racism

1.
Fred Barbash, “Justice Douglas’ Memoirs,”
Washington Post
, September 11, 1980. Justice William O. Douglas attributes this quote to Justice Thurgood Marshall in his memoirs,
The Court Years, 1939–1975; The Autobiography of William O. Douglas
.

2.
The History of Affirmative Action Policies, Americans for Fair Chance, August 7, 2003. Available at www.inmotionmagazine.com/aahist.html.

3.
Richard Nixon,
RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon
(New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1978), 437. Available at www.policyalmanac.org.

4.
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
, 438 U.S. 265 (1978).

5.
Ibid., 274.

6.
Ibid.

7.
Ibid., 276.

8.
Ibid., 277.

9.
Strauder v. West Virginia
, 100 U.S. 303, 308 (1880).

10.
Yick Wo v. Hopkins
, 118 U.S. 356 (1886).

11.
Truax v. Raich
, 239 U.S. 33, 41 (1915).

12.
Korematsu v. United States
, 323 U.S. 216 (1944).

13.
Hernandez v. Texas
, 347 U.S. 475 (1954).

14.
Bakke
at 293, citing
McDonald v. Santa Fe Trail Transportation Co.
, 427 U.S. 273, 296 (1976).

15.
The Court tells us that “strict scrutiny” differs from a “rational basis” examination in that in order to pass constitutional muster under the “rational basis” test, a law need only be “rationally related” to a “legitimate” government interest.

16.
Bakke
, 307.

17.
Ibid., 310.

18.
Ibid., 311.

19.
Ibid., 315.

20.
Ibid., 318.

21.
Grutter v. Bollinger
, 539 U.S. 306, 328 (2003).

22.
Gratz v. Bollinger
, 539 U.S. 244 (2003).

23.
Grutter v. Bollinger
, 539 U.S., 333.

24.
Ibid., 325.

25.
Ibid.

26.
Ibid.

27.
Ibid., 326.

28.
Ibid., 330.

29.
Ibid., 333.

30.
Ibid.

31.
Ibid., 338, citing
Bakke
at 317.

32.
Ibid., 341. Internal citations omitted.

33.
Ibid.

34.
Ibid., 342.

35.
Brian T. Fitzpatrick, “The Diversity Lie,” 27 Harv. J.L. & Pub. Policy 385 (2003).

36.
Daniel Golden, “Some Backers of Racial Preference Take Stand Beyond Diversity: Society Wins With Integrated Elite,”
Wall Street Journal
, June 14, 2003.

37.
U.S. Census Bureau, “Census Bureau Projects Tripling of Hispanic and Asian Populations in 50 Years; Non-Hispanic Whites May Drop To Half of Total Population,” press release, March 18, 2004.

38.
Mary Wiltenburg and Amanda Paulson, “All in the (mixed-race) family: a US trend,”
Christian Science Monitor
, August 28, 2003.

39.
Grutter v. Bollinger
, 539 U.S. at 385.

40.
Ibid., 355.

41.
Ibid., 351.

42.
Gratz v. Bollinger
, 539 U.S. 244 (2003).

43.
Ibid., 272.

44.
Ibid., 255.

45.
Ward Connerly, “Murder at the Supreme Court,”
National Review Online
, June 26, 2003.

Chapter Seven: Citizenship Up for Grabs

1.
Plyler v. Doe
, 457 U.S. 202, 242 (1982).

2.
U.S. Constitution Article 1, § 8.

3.
Don Collins, “Illegal Immigration is Ravaging Arizona,”
Pittsburgh Tribune-Review
, June 22, 2004. Available at pittsburghlive.com/x/tribune-review/opinion/columnists/guests/print_199848.html.